issue117:tutoriel1
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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
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issue117:tutoriel1 [2017/01/31 11:08] – créée auntiee | issue117:tutoriel1 [2017/02/11 15:32] (Version actuelle) – andre_domenech | ||
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- | Internet Of Things (IoT) is now ubiquitous. Your car may be connected to the Internet, your baby surveillance system surely is and, any day now, so will your (LED-based) light bulbs. From what can often be seen in the technology section of the news, factory configuration of some of these devices can be found lacking. Carrying a Linux kernel and base GNU system may not be enough for a device that is continuously connected to the Internet, if the complete package is shoddily set up. For this reason alone (who would want to become exposed because of their hackable devices?), some users choose to build their own devices, configuring them their own way from a regular Ubuntu distribution. This is quite easy nowadays, with many platforms such as the Raspberry Pi available for hobbyists. | + | **Internet Of Things (IoT) is now ubiquitous. Your car may be connected to the Internet, your baby surveillance system surely is and, any day now, so will your (LED-based) light bulbs. From what can often be seen in the technology section of the news, factory configuration of some of these devices can be found lacking. Carrying a Linux kernel and base GNU system may not be enough for a device that is continuously connected to the Internet, if the complete package is shoddily set up. For this reason alone (who would want to become exposed because of their hackable devices?), some users choose to build their own devices, configuring them their own way from a regular Ubuntu distribution. This is quite easy nowadays, with many platforms such as the Raspberry Pi available for hobbyists. |
- | However, repurposing a rather old laptop or notebook may also be a fun option, and economically advantageous. | + | However, repurposing a rather old laptop or notebook may also be a fun option, and economically advantageous.** |
- | Equipped with a Pentium-III-derived Intel Celeron M processor clocked at 900 MHz, ye olde Asus eeePC notebook is now a venerable piece of hardware. In fact, it is no secret that most modern Ubuntu desktop distributions will have a hard time fitting within the constraints of the 1 GByte RAM or 4 GByte onboard hard drive - though some ways of getting around these limits can be found, as I have had the occasion to point out previously in these pages. | + | L' |
+ | |||
+ | Cependant, la réutilisation d'un vieux portable ou notebook peut aussi être une solution amusante, et avantageuse économiquement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Equipped with a Pentium-III-derived Intel Celeron M processor clocked at 900 MHz, ye olde Asus eeePC notebook is now a venerable piece of hardware. In fact, it is no secret that most modern Ubuntu desktop distributions will have a hard time fitting within the constraints of the 1 GByte RAM or 4 GByte onboard hard drive - though some ways of getting around these limits can be found, as I have had the occasion to point out previously in these pages. | ||
However, these hardware specifications are quite similar to those of many modern devices designed for the IoT platforms, such as the Raspberry Pi version 3. The main differences can be found in two regards: | However, these hardware specifications are quite similar to those of many modern devices designed for the IoT platforms, such as the Raspberry Pi version 3. The main differences can be found in two regards: | ||
• The eeePC is a derivative of a mainstream Intel processor. As such, it is less power-efficient than the ARM family of CPUs, which were designed with operation off batteries prominent on the requirements list. We will need to run this one off AC power, though the onboard notebook battery may help us get over a (short) break in power supply, depending on its physical condition. | • The eeePC is a derivative of a mainstream Intel processor. As such, it is less power-efficient than the ARM family of CPUs, which were designed with operation off batteries prominent on the requirements list. We will need to run this one off AC power, though the onboard notebook battery may help us get over a (short) break in power supply, depending on its physical condition. | ||
- | • The eeePC packs some onboard peripherals that a more modern board may not, such as a VGA port, a modem, and a full-size SD card reader. These may come in handy, in addition to the screen that is naturally included in any laptop. There is an inbuilt WiFi card, and further peripherals may easily be connected over USB. | + | • The eeePC packs some onboard peripherals that a more modern board may not, such as a VGA port, a modem, and a full-size SD card reader. These may come in handy, in addition to the screen that is naturally included in any laptop. There is an inbuilt WiFi card, and further peripherals may easily be connected over USB. ** |
- | It is worthwhile noting that since the eeePC is powered from an AC transformer or a notebook battery, the onboard USB ports are capable of delivering more power to peripherals than most hobbyist IoT devices. An external USB hard drive can be directly connected and powered, unlike with an RPi, for instance, where an external power source such as a second transformer will be necessary for the disk. | + | Équipé d'un processeur Celeron M d' |
+ | |||
+ | Cependant, les spécifications matérielles sont très similaires à celles des appareils modernes conçus pour les plateformes d' | ||
+ | • Le eeePC est un dérivé d'un processeur principal d' | ||
+ | • Le eeePC intègre certains périphériques qu'une carte moderne n'a peut-être plus, comme un port VGA, un modem et un lecteur de carte SD grand format. Ceux-ci peuvent être pratiques, en complément de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **It is worthwhile noting that since the eeePC is powered from an AC transformer or a notebook battery, the onboard USB ports are capable of delivering more power to peripherals than most hobbyist IoT devices. An external USB hard drive can be directly connected and powered, unlike with an RPi, for instance, where an external power source such as a second transformer will be necessary for the disk. | ||
So, if we make abstraction of the graphical environment and its increased hardware requirements, | So, if we make abstraction of the graphical environment and its increased hardware requirements, | ||
- | In my case, I took advantage of the recent announcement of version 16 of Ubuntu Snappy being available. This is based on Ubuntu 16.04, instead of 15.04 as were the previous releases. Since 16.04 is Long Term Support (LTS), this may be advantageous going forward. However, several things have changed on setting it up for the first time. Perhaps due to its beta status, and the relatively short period of time it has been made available (at the time of writing), precise instructions on setting it up are unfortunately still hard to find. | + | In my case, I took advantage of the recent announcement of version 16 of Ubuntu Snappy being available. This is based on Ubuntu 16.04, instead of 15.04 as were the previous releases. Since 16.04 is Long Term Support (LTS), this may be advantageous going forward. However, several things have changed on setting it up for the first time. Perhaps due to its beta status, and the relatively short period of time it has been made available (at the time of writing), precise instructions on setting it up are unfortunately still hard to find. ** |
+ | |||
+ | Notez bien que, comme le eeePC est alimenté par un transformateur secteur ou une batterie de portable, les ports USB intégrés sont capables de fournir plus d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aussi, si vous faites abstraction de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans mon cas, j'ai profité de l' | ||
- | GETTING SNAPPY AND CREATING A PENDRIVE | + | **GETTING SNAPPY AND CREATING A PENDRIVE |
I downloaded the 32-bit (i386) version of the disk image for Ubuntu Snappy (also known in places as Ubuntu Core) from: http:// | I downloaded the 32-bit (i386) version of the disk image for Ubuntu Snappy (also known in places as Ubuntu Core) from: http:// | ||
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This uncompressed image file - with the IMG extension - is a byte-for-byte copy of the contents of the hard drive of a device running Snappy. It is exactly 4, | This uncompressed image file - with the IMG extension - is a byte-for-byte copy of the contents of the hard drive of a device running Snappy. It is exactly 4, | ||
- | Once the image has been uncompressed, | + | Once the image has been uncompressed, |
- | However, we do have a simpler means of performing the transfer, which is to use the Ubuntu Snappy image itself. To use it, I used an USB pendrive of the appropriate size, 4 GBytes. Using an SD card of the same capacity is also an option, since the eeePC can also boot off this type of medium. This would probably be identified by your kernel as / | + | Obtenir Snappy et créer une clé USB |
+ | |||
+ | J'ai téléchargé la version 32-bit (i386) de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | unxz ubuntu-core-16-i386.img.xz | ||
+ | |||
+ | Si l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo apt install xz-utils | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce fichier image décompressé - avec l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Une fois l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **However, we do have a simpler means of performing the transfer, which is to use the Ubuntu Snappy image itself. To use it, I used an USB pendrive of the appropriate size, 4 GBytes. Using an SD card of the same capacity is also an option, since the eeePC can also boot off this type of medium. This would probably be identified by your kernel as / | ||
Starting on the main computer on which I had downloaded Ubuntu Snappy, I copied the image onto the pendrive. In my case, this was identified as /dev/sdc - though much care should be exerted to make sure this is in fact the unit identification your pendrive has been assigned. Consulting the output of: | Starting on the main computer on which I had downloaded Ubuntu Snappy, I copied the image onto the pendrive. In my case, this was identified as /dev/sdc - though much care should be exerted to make sure this is in fact the unit identification your pendrive has been assigned. Consulting the output of: | ||
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Using a different block-length may raise an error, since the image may not be an exact multiple of the number of bytes within a block. 1 MByte is a safe value, however, and the errors should probably be ignored if they occur. | Using a different block-length may raise an error, since the image may not be an exact multiple of the number of bytes within a block. 1 MByte is a safe value, however, and the errors should probably be ignored if they occur. | ||
- | The pendrive is now a bootable image of Ubuntu Snappy. It can be extracted from the main computer, and used to boot the eeePC. | + | The pendrive is now a bootable image of Ubuntu Snappy. It can be extracted from the main computer, and used to boot the eeePC. |
- | CONFIGURING THE NEW SYSTEM ON THE PENDRIVE | + | Cependant, nous avons un moyen plus simple de réaliser le transfert, qui est d' |
+ | |||
+ | En commençant sur l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | dmesg | grep sd | ||
+ | |||
+ | qui peut vous aider à vous assurer que vous allez bien écrire sur la clé et pas, par exemple, sur un des disques durs de votre ordinateur. Ensuite, j'ai vérifié que la clé était démontée, avant d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo umount /dev/sdc* | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo dd if=ubuntu-core-16-i386.img of=/dev/sdc bs=1M | ||
+ | |||
+ | L' | ||
+ | |||
+ | La clé est maintenant une image démarrable d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **CONFIGURING THE NEW SYSTEM ON THE PENDRIVE | ||
The escape key (Esc) will need to be pressed during bootup on the eeePC, to choose the appropriate boot device from a list. This is the one prefixed by USB, if a USB pendrive is used. You should then see the GRUB bootloader list, with a single entry: “Ubuntu Core 16”. After some time, and several pages full of messages from the kernel and system, you should obtain a blank screen with the message “Press enter to configure.” | The escape key (Esc) will need to be pressed during bootup on the eeePC, to choose the appropriate boot device from a list. This is the one prefixed by USB, if a USB pendrive is used. You should then see the GRUB bootloader list, with a single entry: “Ubuntu Core 16”. After some time, and several pages full of messages from the kernel and system, you should obtain a blank screen with the message “Press enter to configure.” | ||
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Configuring the initial system is a rather straightforward process, though using only a text-based interface may seem strange for those of use more accustomed to graphical applications. Use the keyboard arrows to maneuver from field to field, and configure at the very least one interface to connect to the Internet. | Configuring the initial system is a rather straightforward process, though using only a text-based interface may seem strange for those of use more accustomed to graphical applications. Use the keyboard arrows to maneuver from field to field, and configure at the very least one interface to connect to the Internet. | ||
- | In many cases, we will be using the device to connect both wirelessly and with the Ethernet port. I used the dialogs to connect the Ethernet port (eth0) to my home network using DHCP over a network cable. This is the easiest option to complete the configuration, | + | In many cases, we will be using the device to connect both wirelessly and with the Ethernet port. I used the dialogs to connect the Ethernet port (eth0) to my home network using DHCP over a network cable. This is the easiest option to complete the configuration, |
- | You will also need an account on the Ubuntu Snappy store to continue. This can be created from the Ubuntu One initial page at https:// | + | Configurer le nouveau système sur la clé |
+ | |||
+ | Vous devez appuyer sur la touche Échappement (ÉCHAP) pendant le démarrage de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | La configuration initiale du système est un processus plutôt simple, bien que la seule utilisation d'une interface en mode texte puisse paraître étrange pour ceux qui sont plus habitués aux applications graphiques. Utilisez les touches fléchées pour vous déplacer de champ en champ, et configurez au strict minimum une interface pour vous connecter à Internet. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans beaucoup de cas, nous utiliserons sur l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **You will also need an account on the Ubuntu Snappy store to continue. This can be created from the Ubuntu One initial page at https:// | ||
Open the id_rsa.pub file, from directory ~/.ssh, in a text editor, and simply copy and paste the text into the field in the Ubuntu One web page. Make sure you are NOT copying from the file without the .pub extension: this is your private key, and should be shared with nobody else. | Open the id_rsa.pub file, from directory ~/.ssh, in a text editor, and simply copy and paste the text into the field in the Ubuntu One web page. Make sure you are NOT copying from the file without the .pub extension: this is your private key, and should be shared with nobody else. | ||
Once the Snappy device has been set up, we cannot log in directly as a local user. Instead, we must connect to it over the network using SSH. I am user alanward on a certain mail server, and this is the account I used to register on Ubuntu’s service. So I am also user alanward on my new Snappy instance. Let us log in, using command: | Once the Snappy device has been set up, we cannot log in directly as a local user. Instead, we must connect to it over the network using SSH. I am user alanward on a certain mail server, and this is the account I used to register on Ubuntu’s service. So I am also user alanward on my new Snappy instance. Let us log in, using command: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ssh < | ||
+ | |||
+ | Vous aurez aussi besoin d'un compte sur le Snappy Store pour poursuivre. Il peut être créé depuis la page d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ouvrez le fichier id_rsa.pub, dans le répertoire ~/.ssh, dans un éditeur de texte, et copiez/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Une fois que le dispositif Snappy a été paramétré, | ||
ssh < | ssh < | ||
- | We may need to consult our router to determine the new Snappy machine’s local IP address. Otherwise, a few judicious pings should also allow us to determine the address assigned through the router’s DHCP. | + | **We may need to consult our router to determine the new Snappy machine’s local IP address. Otherwise, a few judicious pings should also allow us to determine the address assigned through the router’s DHCP. |
No passwords are required to log in, since our public key is enough to identify us. In actual fact, our new user on the device has no password, in a similar way to root on most Ubuntu systems. | No passwords are required to log in, since our public key is enough to identify us. In actual fact, our new user on the device has no password, in a similar way to root on most Ubuntu systems. | ||
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We can now exit our SSH session using the exit command twice. From our main computer, we can log in as root using ssh by reusing the same SSH credentials we used to log in previously: | We can now exit our SSH session using the exit command twice. From our main computer, we can log in as root using ssh by reusing the same SSH credentials we used to log in previously: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ssh root@192.168.0.104 | ||
+ | |||
+ | Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-36-generic i686) | ||
+ | …** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nous pourrions avoir besoin de consulter notre routeur pour déterminer la nouvelle adresse IP locale de la machine Snappy. Autrement, quelques ping judicieux devraient aussi permettre de déterminer l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aucun mot de passe n'est demandé à la connexion, car notre clé publique est suffisante pour nous identifier. En vrai, notre nouvel utilisateur sur l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nous pouvons devenir root sur Snappy de la même manière que dans un Ubuntu normal, en utilisant la commande sudo : | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo bash | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@localhost: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il peut être utile de rendre l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | cp -r .ssh /root/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nous pouvons maintenant sortir de notre session SSH en utilisant la commande exit deux fois. Depuis notre ordinateur principal, nous pouvons nous connecter comme root en utilisant ssh, en réutilisant les mêmes identifiants SSH que nous avons utilisés précédemment pour la connexion : | ||
ssh root@192.168.0.104 | ssh root@192.168.0.104 | ||
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… | … | ||
- | At this point, we have a fully working system, albeit on the USB pendrive. We can now copy it over onto the eeePC’s internal hard drive, if we so wish. Performance from the pendrive is adequate for simple tasks. However, using the internal hard drive would allow us to dispense with having a pendrive hanging off our device, thus freeing up a USB port. Speeds are also slightly better, even though the internal drive on the eeePC is not fast with about 32 MBytes/s bandwidth. | + | |
+ | **At this point, we have a fully working system, albeit on the USB pendrive. We can now copy it over onto the eeePC’s internal hard drive, if we so wish. Performance from the pendrive is adequate for simple tasks. However, using the internal hard drive would allow us to dispense with having a pendrive hanging off our device, thus freeing up a USB port. Speeds are also slightly better, even though the internal drive on the eeePC is not fast with about 32 MBytes/s bandwidth. | ||
Copy the contents of the USB over to the hard drive with the dd command. The eeePC’s internal drive should be /dev/sda. If the USB has been detected as /dev/sdb, we could issue: | Copy the contents of the USB over to the hard drive with the dd command. The eeePC’s internal drive should be /dev/sda. If the USB has been detected as /dev/sdb, we could issue: | ||
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Remember to remove the USB pendrive when the computer is completely off, before restarting once more. If everything has gone according to plan, the eeePC should boot off its internal drive using GRUB in exactly the same way as the USB drive. It should be accessible over SSH as before, with no further configuration necessary. | Remember to remove the USB pendrive when the computer is completely off, before restarting once more. If everything has gone according to plan, the eeePC should boot off its internal drive using GRUB in exactly the same way as the USB drive. It should be accessible over SSH as before, with no further configuration necessary. | ||
- | This procedure would also work with a pendrive of a larger size. However, in this case there will be an error message as dd goes over the 4 GByte limit. If the file system on the USB pendrive has not been resized, this should not be of concern. | + | This procedure would also work with a pendrive of a larger size. However, in this case there will be an error message as dd goes over the 4 GByte limit. If the file system on the USB pendrive has not been resized, this should not be of concern.** |
- | ADMINISTERING YOUR NEW IOT DEVICE | + | À ce stade, nous avons un système opérationnel, |
+ | |||
+ | Copiez le contenu de la clé USB sur le disque dur avec la commande dd. Le disque dur interne de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo bash | ||
+ | |||
+ | dd if=/dev/sdb of=/dev/sda bs=1M | ||
+ | |||
+ | Nous réemployons la procédure utilisée pour copier l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | shutdown -h now | ||
+ | |||
+ | Rappelez-vous d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Cette procédure fonctionnerait avec une clé plus grande. Dans ce cas, toutefois, vous aurez un message d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **ADMINISTERING YOUR NEW IOT DEVICE | ||
Let us finish with a quick note on system administration. Ubuntu Snappy is quite different from a regular Ubuntu distribution such as Ubuntu Server or one of the desktop variants. The 4 GByte image we have been transferring contains two separate partitions. One is write-only, and holds the base kernel and system image. The second is writable, containing user data and changes made to the system over time. Having a large part of the operating system on a read-only file system gives rise to some complications, | Let us finish with a quick note on system administration. Ubuntu Snappy is quite different from a regular Ubuntu distribution such as Ubuntu Server or one of the desktop variants. The 4 GByte image we have been transferring contains two separate partitions. One is write-only, and holds the base kernel and system image. The second is writable, containing user data and changes made to the system over time. Having a large part of the operating system on a read-only file system gives rise to some complications, | ||
The first major change when coming from working with a standard Ubuntu distribution is that the apt way of installing software no longer works. Instead, administrators will use the snap command to query the Ubuntu store and manage software packages from there. There is some documentation out there on the Internet, and the command itself has a fair amount of documentation inbuilt. Some examples of snap usage should be self-explanatory: | The first major change when coming from working with a standard Ubuntu distribution is that the apt way of installing software no longer works. Instead, administrators will use the snap command to query the Ubuntu store and manage software packages from there. There is some documentation out there on the Internet, and the command itself has a fair amount of documentation inbuilt. Some examples of snap usage should be self-explanatory: | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo bash | ||
+ | snap help | ||
+ | snap list | ||
+ | snap install hello-world | ||
+ | hello-world | ||
+ | Hello World!** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Administrer votre nouveau dispositif connecté (IoT) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Terminons par une note rapide sur l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le premier changement majeur en venant d'un système Ubuntu standard est que la solution apt pour installer des logiciels ne fonctionne plus. À la place, les administrateurs utiliseront la commande snap pour interroger le magasin Ubuntu et gérer les paquets logiciels depuis cet endroit. Il y a de la documentation à ce sujet sur Internet et la commande elle-même intègre une bonne quantité de documentation. Certains exemples d' | ||
sudo bash | sudo bash | ||
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Hello World! | Hello World! | ||
- | The other feature that may surprise administrators is how to alter environment variables. For instance, using the apt commands with a web proxy is a simple matter of exporting the appropriate environment variable before commencing. For instance: | + | **The other feature that may surprise administrators is how to alter environment variables. For instance, using the apt commands with a web proxy is a simple matter of exporting the appropriate environment variable before commencing. For instance: |
sudo bash | sudo bash | ||
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systemctl start snapd | systemctl start snapd | ||
snap install hello-world | snap install hello-world | ||
+ | ...** | ||
+ | |||
+ | L' | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo bash | ||
+ | |||
+ | export http_proxy=”http:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | apt update | ||
... | ... | ||
- | SOME FINAL THOUGHTS | + | Cependant, la commande snap ne semble pas respecter les variables d' |
+ | |||
+ | sudo bash | ||
+ | |||
+ | systemctl edit snapd.service | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ceci lancera l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | [Service] | ||
+ | Environment=" | ||
+ | Environment=" | ||
+ | |||
+ | Veuillez noter les MAJUSCULES dans les noms des variables d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | systemctl stop snapd | ||
+ | systemctl start snapd | ||
+ | snap install hello-world | ||
+ | … | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | **SOME FINAL THOUGHTS | ||
Experienced users and administrators of the standard Ubuntu distributions may feels things are becoming rather more restrictive with Ubuntu Snappy. In some ways, this is certainly true. On the other hand, a case may be made that the final system is more secure as a result. Speaking of devices that will very often be set up by non-specialists, | Experienced users and administrators of the standard Ubuntu distributions may feels things are becoming rather more restrictive with Ubuntu Snappy. In some ways, this is certainly true. On the other hand, a case may be made that the final system is more secure as a result. Speaking of devices that will very often be set up by non-specialists, | ||
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However, Snappy does bring some benefits. Application sandboxing is one of them, as is ease of installation - as documented in the examples shown here. Making clones of an operating system from USB pendrive to hard drive, or back again from the eeePC’s hard drive to a second USB drive, is not only possible but also simple in the extreme. | However, Snappy does bring some benefits. Application sandboxing is one of them, as is ease of installation - as documented in the examples shown here. Making clones of an operating system from USB pendrive to hard drive, or back again from the eeePC’s hard drive to a second USB drive, is not only possible but also simple in the extreme. | ||
- | Converting an elderly device such as the eeePC into a Snappy device has several benefits. There is the obvious making use of a device that, otherwise, would probably end up on the scrap heap. But, from the user’s standpoint, getting accustomed to handling Ubuntu Snappy on such a platform will make things easier for us when we need to understand mobile devices with Ubuntu Touch. This is, in essence, built upon the base of Snappy, with the adjunction of the graphical user interface and other applications. For this reason, understanding Snappy can certainly be seen as an investment of time for those interested in dealing with Touch, for instance by designing and packaging applications for this platform. | + | Converting an elderly device such as the eeePC into a Snappy device has several benefits. There is the obvious making use of a device that, otherwise, would probably end up on the scrap heap. But, from the user’s standpoint, getting accustomed to handling Ubuntu Snappy on such a platform will make things easier for us when we need to understand mobile devices with Ubuntu Touch. This is, in essence, built upon the base of Snappy, with the adjunction of the graphical user interface and other applications. For this reason, understanding Snappy can certainly be seen as an investment of time for those interested in dealing with Touch, for instance by designing and packaging applications for this platform.** |
+ | |||
+ | Quelques idées pour terminer | ||
+ | |||
+ | Les utilisateurs expérimentés et les administrateurs des distributions ordinaires d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Cependant, Snappy apporte certains avantages. Le compartimentage de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | La conversion d'un vieil ordinateur comme l' |
issue117/tutoriel1.1485857335.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2017/01/31 11:08 de auntiee