issue121:tutoriel1
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issue121:tutoriel1 [2017/05/29 16:54] – créée auntiee | issue121:tutoriel1 [2017/06/07 15:25] (Version actuelle) – andre_domenech | ||
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- | In this series, we will be examining the world of FreeCAD, an open-source CAD modelling application that it still in Beta, but has been gaining acceptance in recent years. Naturally, it is readily available in the Ubuntu repositories. In the first article on using FreeCAD, we went over the basics of choosing and installing a CAD application for Ubuntu or GNU/Linux, and reviewed some salient points of the FreeCAD user interface. | + | **In this series, we will be examining the world of FreeCAD, an open-source CAD modelling application that it still in Beta, but has been gaining acceptance in recent years. Naturally, it is readily available in the Ubuntu repositories. In the first article on using FreeCAD, we went over the basics of choosing and installing a CAD application for Ubuntu or GNU/Linux, and reviewed some salient points of the FreeCAD user interface. |
- | In this part, we will be creating a simple planar object to illustrate the use of the main workspaces, drawing and extrusion tools. Constructive Solid Geometry will also be demonstrated, | + | In this part, we will be creating a simple planar object to illustrate the use of the main workspaces, drawing and extrusion tools. Constructive Solid Geometry will also be demonstrated, |
- | Using the Drawing workbench | + | Dans cette série, nous examinerons le monde de FreeCAD, une application Open Source de modélisation par CAO qui est encore en bêta, mais qui a reçu un bon accueil ces dernières années. Naturellement, |
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+ | Dans ce numéro, nous créerons un simple objet plan pour illustrer l' | ||
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+ | **Using the Drawing workbench | ||
Once inside FreeCAD, to begin a new project we can head over to menu option File > New. Alternatively, | Once inside FreeCAD, to begin a new project we can head over to menu option File > New. Alternatively, | ||
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As discussed in the previous article, the FreeCAD user interface has a series of workbenches, | As discussed in the previous article, the FreeCAD user interface has a series of workbenches, | ||
- | Once inside Draft mode, there are several interface items than can be set up to facilitate working with our object. In the first place, this workbench shows us by default a grid pattern set up within the X-Y plane, that we are watching from above (down the Z axis). This grid has lines set up, with spacing of one millimeter, which may be a bit fiddly with the dimensions of our piece. So the first thing to do may be to head over to menu option Edit > Preferences. Here, we can configure the Draft workbench to our specific needs. One of the option panes, “Snapping settings”, | + | Once inside Draft mode, there are several interface items than can be set up to facilitate working with our object. In the first place, this workbench shows us by default a grid pattern set up within the X-Y plane, that we are watching from above (down the Z axis). This grid has lines set up, with spacing of one millimeter, which may be a bit fiddly with the dimensions of our piece. So the first thing to do may be to head over to menu option Edit > Preferences. Here, we can configure the Draft workbench to our specific needs. One of the option panes, “Snapping settings”, |
- | We can now adjust the zoom factor (e.g. with the mouse wheel, or swiping vertically on a laptop’s touchpad) so as to see at least four vertical grid divisions spanning 40 mm - note the view’s visible dimensions in the window’s lower right corner. | + | Utilisation de l' |
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+ | Une fois FreeCAD lancé, pour commencer un nouveau projet, nous pouvons aller à l' | ||
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+ | Comme présenté dans l' | ||
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+ | Une fois dans le mode Draft, plusieurs éléments d' | ||
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+ | **We can now adjust the zoom factor (e.g. with the mouse wheel, or swiping vertically on a laptop’s touchpad) so as to see at least four vertical grid divisions spanning 40 mm - note the view’s visible dimensions in the window’s lower right corner. | ||
As for the toolbars, for some reason the bar related to snapping points to the grid is usually collapsed. Snapping, or letting the user interface guide the point indicated with the mouse, is one of the most powerful features that is shared by many CAD programs. In this toolbar, we can configure snapping options to help up easily draw clean diagrams with object elements precisely aligned. As with all toolbars in FreeCAD, we can move the snapping toolbar to a place where we can examine its contents better. | As for the toolbars, for some reason the bar related to snapping points to the grid is usually collapsed. Snapping, or letting the user interface guide the point indicated with the mouse, is one of the most powerful features that is shared by many CAD programs. In this toolbar, we can configure snapping options to help up easily draw clean diagrams with object elements precisely aligned. As with all toolbars in FreeCAD, we can move the snapping toolbar to a place where we can examine its contents better. | ||
- | As a matter of personal choice, I tend to activate the options for snapping to the grid, which in this case will ensure the endpoints of our lines, for example, get coordinates that are integer multiples of 10 mm. I also tend to activate snapping to endpoints, which helps when drawing the last element of a multiple-segment closed path. | + | As a matter of personal choice, I tend to activate the options for snapping to the grid, which in this case will ensure the endpoints of our lines, for example, get coordinates that are integer multiples of 10 mm. I also tend to activate snapping to endpoints, which helps when drawing the last element of a multiple-segment closed path.** |
- | As for the drawing tools themselves, they are grouped into another toolbar. FreeCAD does show commendable consistency across toolbar icons, so while the previous (snapping) toolbar had icons all in the same shade of green, drawing tools are all shown with icons in yellow and black. In this project, we will be using the tool to draw a straight line from two points, the tool to draw a full circle from its center and a point, and the tool to draw a circular arc. | + | Nous pouvons maintenant régler le facteur d' |
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+ | Comme pour les barres d' | ||
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+ | C'est un choix personnel, mais j'ai tendance à activer les options d' | ||
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+ | **As for the drawing tools themselves, they are grouped into another toolbar. FreeCAD does show commendable consistency across toolbar icons, so while the previous (snapping) toolbar had icons all in the same shade of green, drawing tools are all shown with icons in yellow and black. In this project, we will be using the tool to draw a straight line from two points, the tool to draw a full circle from its center and a point, and the tool to draw a circular arc. | ||
Let us begin (above) by drawing the top line of our shape, from coordinates (-30, 20) to (30, 20). Since we have snapping to the grid activated, we will see the mouse icon change to show a green grid icon whenever it detects we are close to a grid intersection, | Let us begin (above) by drawing the top line of our shape, from coordinates (-30, 20) to (30, 20). Since we have snapping to the grid activated, we will see the mouse icon change to show a green grid icon whenever it detects we are close to a grid intersection, | ||
- | We can then go on to draw the bottom segment, from coordinates (-30, -20) to (30, -20). Once we have the two horizontal lines set up, let us change to the arc drawing tool. To draw the circular arc closing the right end of our piece, first select the center of the arc at coordinates (30, 0). Then click on the end of the top horizontal line at coordinates (30, 20) once to indicate the radius of our arc, and a second time to indicate the point where we are beginning our arc. Finally, click on the end of the lower horizontal line at (30, -20) to give the endpoint of our arc. When clicking on the end of the horizontal lines, our mouse cursor should change to the appropriate green icon to show us FreeCAD has detected a previous line and is placing the new point at these precise coordinates. The drawing, so far, should resemble the following capture. | + | We can then go on to draw the bottom segment, from coordinates (-30, -20) to (30, -20). Once we have the two horizontal lines set up, let us change to the arc drawing tool. To draw the circular arc closing the right end of our piece, first select the center of the arc at coordinates (30, 0). Then click on the end of the top horizontal line at coordinates (30, 20) once to indicate the radius of our arc, and a second time to indicate the point where we are beginning our arc. Finally, click on the end of the lower horizontal line at (30, -20) to give the endpoint of our arc. When clicking on the end of the horizontal lines, our mouse cursor should change to the appropriate green icon to show us FreeCAD has detected a previous line and is placing the new point at these precise coordinates. The drawing, so far, should resemble the following capture.** |
- | We can now proceed to draw the arc on the other side of the piece, closing the outside shape. With the tool to draw circles, we can put in the two circles at coordinates | + | En ce qui concerne les outils de dessin, ils sont groupés dans une autre barre. FreeCAD montre vraiment une cohérence appréciable avec les icônes des barres d' |
- | One final point is that the outside of our piece is, for the moment, a collection of four different segments: two Line objects, and two Arc objects. This can clearly be seen in the “Combo View” window at the left hand side of the screen. Further on, we will need to convert this object into a 3D object, and for this reason we must convert the collection of four segments into a single path. This is done with the “join objects” tool in the modification toolbar. Select all four segments, either in the combo view or in the drawing itself - holding down to Ctrl key to select multiple objects - and use this tool. In the combo view, we will see the four segments disappear, to be replaced by a single Wire object. | + | Commençons (ci-dessus) par dessiner la ligne du haut de notre forme, entre les coordonnées (-30, 20) et (30, 20). Comme nous avons activé l' |
- | In the Part workbench | + | Puis, nous pouvons tracer le segment du bas, entre les coordonnées (-30, -20) et (30, -20). Une fois que les deux lignes horizontales sont faites, passons à l' |
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+ | **We can now proceed to draw the arc on the other side of the piece, closing the outside shape. With the tool to draw circles, we can put in the two circles at coordinates (-30, 0) and (30, 0), both with radius 10 mm. | ||
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+ | One final point is that the outside of our piece is, for the moment, a collection of four different segments: two Line objects, and two Arc objects. This can clearly be seen in the “Combo View” window at the left hand side of the screen. Further on, we will need to convert this object into a 3D object, and for this reason we must convert the collection of four segments into a single path. This is done with the “join objects” tool in the modification toolbar. Select all four segments, either in the combo view or in the drawing itself - holding down to Ctrl key to select multiple objects - and use this tool. In the combo view, we will see the four segments disappear, to be replaced by a single Wire object.** | ||
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+ | Nous pouvons maintenant réaliser le tracé de l'arc de l' | ||
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+ | Un dernier point : la forme extérieure de notre pièce est, pour le moment, un ensemble de quatre segments différents, | ||
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+ | **In the Part workbench | ||
Once we have the planar part of our project set up - in essence, a horizontal projection of the final piece - we can switch workbenches and choose “Part”. This is where we will give the piece its 3D touches. To begin with, let us use the views toolbar to switch to a 3D projection view, to see the piece in its current shape as a flat drawing contained within the X-Y plane. Depending on the current zoom factor, it may be useful to also choose the “fit to view” button to get the whole part nicely centered in the view window. | Once we have the planar part of our project set up - in essence, a horizontal projection of the final piece - we can switch workbenches and choose “Part”. This is where we will give the piece its 3D touches. To begin with, let us use the views toolbar to switch to a 3D projection view, to see the piece in its current shape as a flat drawing contained within the X-Y plane. Depending on the current zoom factor, it may be useful to also choose the “fit to view” button to get the whole part nicely centered in the view window. | ||
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One of the toolbars that come by default with the Part workbench contains tools to transform flat parts into volumes. Begin by choosing one of the circles, and then use the “extrude” tool. | One of the toolbars that come by default with the Part workbench contains tools to transform flat parts into volumes. Begin by choosing one of the circles, and then use the “extrude” tool. | ||
- | Since the circle is contained within the X-Y plane, extrusion will take place along the Z axis. Increment the length of extrusion to 4 mm, so the final piece will be a cylinder 4 mm in length. Also make sure the “Create solid” option is checked, as otherwise only the walls of the cylinder would be created. | + | Since the circle is contained within the X-Y plane, extrusion will take place along the Z axis. Increment the length of extrusion to 4 mm, so the final piece will be a cylinder 4 mm in length. Also make sure the “Create solid” option is checked, as otherwise only the walls of the cylinder would be created.** |
- | Now do the same with the other circle, converting it also into a cylinder 4 mm high. Finally, let us make an extrusion from the Wire piece, but this time only 2 mm high. | + | Dans l' |
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+ | Une fois la partie plane de notre pièce réalisée - en substance, une projection horizontale de la pièce finie - nous changeons d' | ||
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+ | Ci-dessous, voici ce que nous devrions voir en ce moment : le Wire extérieur et les deux Circles (cercles) intérieurs. | ||
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+ | Une des deux barres d' | ||
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+ | Comme le cercle est contenu dans un plan X-Y, l' | ||
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+ | **Now do the same with the other circle, converting it also into a cylinder 4 mm high. Finally, let us make an extrusion from the Wire piece, but this time only 2 mm high. | ||
By the end of this process, if we choose a lateral orthogonal view in the view toolbar, we should see the two cylinders protruding from the main part. However, their bases are all on the same plane. This is not suitable for us, since the next operation will be to subtract the cylinders from the main part, thus creating two holes. If we leave things as they are, there may be some confusion at the lower face of each hole. It is best to make sure the cylinders protrude both above and below the main piece. | By the end of this process, if we choose a lateral orthogonal view in the view toolbar, we should see the two cylinders protruding from the main part. However, their bases are all on the same plane. This is not suitable for us, since the next operation will be to subtract the cylinders from the main part, thus creating two holes. If we leave things as they are, there may be some confusion at the lower face of each hole. It is best to make sure the cylinders protrude both above and below the main piece. | ||
- | To do so, we will simply displace the main part upwards by one millimeter. This is done by clicking on the part in “Combo view”, where it will probably be labeled as “Extrude002” or something similar. Then click on the tab marked “Data” at the bottom of the Combo view, unfold option Placement, then Position, and increase the value for “z” from 0 mm to 1 mm. | + | To do so, we will simply displace the main part upwards by one millimeter. This is done by clicking on the part in “Combo view”, where it will probably be labeled as “Extrude002” or something similar. Then click on the tab marked “Data” at the bottom of the Combo view, unfold option Placement, then Position, and increase the value for “z” from 0 mm to 1 mm.** |
- | At the same time, one should see the main part going upwards in the main view, giving this result: | + | Maintenant, faites de même avec l' |
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+ | À la fin de ce processus, si nous choisissons une vue orthogonale latérale dans la barre de visualisation, | ||
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+ | Pour ce faire, nous allons simplement déplacer la pièce principale d'un millimètre vers le haut. Ceci est fait en cliquant sur la pièce dans la « Vue combinée », où elle est probablement étiquetée « Extrude002 » ou quelque chose de voisin. Cliquez ensuite sur l' | ||
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+ | **At the same time, one should see the main part going upwards in the main view, giving this result: | ||
Finally, we can make the holes in the main part. To do so, start by selecting both cylinders in the Combo view, and then choose menu option Part > Boolean > Union. This should make the cylinders disappear from the Combo view, and be replaced by a single Fusion object. Inside the Combo view, choose first the main part Extrude002, and then (with the Ctrl key), also choose Fusion. Then choose Part > Boolean > Cut. Voilà, we have cut out the two holes from the main part. | Finally, we can make the holes in the main part. To do so, start by selecting both cylinders in the Combo view, and then choose menu option Part > Boolean > Union. This should make the cylinders disappear from the Combo view, and be replaced by a single Fusion object. Inside the Combo view, choose first the main part Extrude002, and then (with the Ctrl key), also choose Fusion. Then choose Part > Boolean > Cut. Voilà, we have cut out the two holes from the main part. | ||
- | In the last operation, the order of choosing the main part, and then the fusion of the two cylinders, is important. If one proceeds otherwise, FreeCAD will try to cut the main part out from the two cylinders, giving four very thin cylinders - definitely not what we expected! | + | In the last operation, the order of choosing the main part, and then the fusion of the two cylinders, is important. If one proceeds otherwise, FreeCAD will try to cut the main part out from the two cylinders, giving four very thin cylinders - definitely not what we expected!** |
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+ | Dans le même temps, on devrait voir la pièce principale monter dans la vue principale, nous donnant ce résultat : | ||
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+ | Enfin, nous pouvons faire les trous dans la pièce principale. Pour ce faire, commencez par sélectionner les deux cylindres dans la Vue combinée, puis choisissez l' | ||
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+ | Dans la dernière opération, l' | ||
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+ | **What next? | ||
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+ | In this article on using FreeCAD, we created a simple planar object to illustrate the use of the main workspaces (Draft and Part), drawing tools, and extrusion. Constructive Solid Geometry was used to unite two cylinders, and the resulting Fusion object was used to cut two holes in the main piece thus creating the final object. In the next part of the series, we will use further tools to create a more complex 3D object, representing a Y-junction between two pipes of different diameters.** | ||
- | What next? | + | Et ensuite |
- | In this article | + | Dans cet article |
issue121/tutoriel1.1496069652.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2017/05/29 16:54 de auntiee