issue177:mon_opinion
Différences
Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
issue177:mon_opinion [2022/01/31 12:40] – auntiee | issue177:mon_opinion [2022/02/01 16:36] (Version actuelle) – andre_domenech | ||
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I will try to cover as much of this as I can.** | I will try to cover as much of this as I can.** | ||
- | Dans cette série d’articles, | + | Dans cette série d’articles, |
Qu’est-ce qu’une GUI ? | Qu’est-ce qu’une GUI ? | ||
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Une interface utilisateur graphique vous donne la possibilité d' | Une interface utilisateur graphique vous donne la possibilité d' | ||
- | Quel âge a-t-elle ? L’idée a démarré il y a probablement plus longtemps que vous ne le pensez. Tout a commencé avec un dispositif appelé un crayon optique. Le crayon optique fut créé aux environs de 1955 au MIT (Masschusetts Institute of Technology), | + | Quel âge a-t-elle ? L’idée a démarré il y a probablement plus longtemps que vous ne le pensez. Tout a commencé avec un dispositif appelé un crayon optique. Le crayon optique fut créé aux environs de 1955 au MIT (Masschusetts Institute of Technology), |
**The light pen was a light-sensitive wand that was connected to a computer terminal’s cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. The light pen detects changes in brightness of screen pixels when updated by the CRT’s electron beam and sends that timing information to the computer. Since the update of pixels was done one at a time by the electron beam and at a known refresh rate, the computer terminal could figure out where the light pen was touching the screen. Over time, once it was determined to be reliable, it was more widely used on the Situation Display consoles of the AN/FSQ-7, a large computer system for military airspace surveillance built by IBM (though MIT still aided in the development). After IBM took over development, | **The light pen was a light-sensitive wand that was connected to a computer terminal’s cathode-ray tube (CRT) display. The light pen detects changes in brightness of screen pixels when updated by the CRT’s electron beam and sends that timing information to the computer. Since the update of pixels was done one at a time by the electron beam and at a known refresh rate, the computer terminal could figure out where the light pen was touching the screen. Over time, once it was determined to be reliable, it was more widely used on the Situation Display consoles of the AN/FSQ-7, a large computer system for military airspace surveillance built by IBM (though MIT still aided in the development). After IBM took over development, | ||
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A few things about the terminology and the technology that was used in the 1950’s and 1960’s: These computer systems were multiple cabinets that would fill an entire floor of a building. When they say it was a graphics terminal, by today’s standards it was text . These Graphics Display Units (terminals) were only input and output devices, as they needed to connect to a Central Processing Unit to be of any use. The graphics terminals themselves processed all the input and output for the Central Processing Unit. A graphics terminal consisted of a CRT, light pen and a keyboard. To shown left is an example of an IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit.** | A few things about the terminology and the technology that was used in the 1950’s and 1960’s: These computer systems were multiple cabinets that would fill an entire floor of a building. When they say it was a graphics terminal, by today’s standards it was text . These Graphics Display Units (terminals) were only input and output devices, as they needed to connect to a Central Processing Unit to be of any use. The graphics terminals themselves processed all the input and output for the Central Processing Unit. A graphics terminal consisted of a CRT, light pen and a keyboard. To shown left is an example of an IBM 2250 Graphics Display Unit.** | ||
- | Le crayon optique était une baguette sensible à la lumière qui était | + | Le crayon optique était une baguette sensible à la lumière qui était |
- | Quelques informations sur la terminologie et la technologie utilisées dans les année 1950 et 1960 : ces systèmes | + | Quelques informations sur la terminologie et la technologie utilisées dans les année 1950 et 1960 : ces systèmes |
**The Central Processing Unit is what we would refer to as the computer. It contains the core memory, disk storage, keyboard, control panel and a line printer. | **The Central Processing Unit is what we would refer to as the computer. It contains the core memory, disk storage, keyboard, control panel and a line printer. | ||
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Ci-dessus a gauche, il y a l’exemple d’un CPU IBM 1131 et ci-dessous il y a un exemple de l’Unité centrale IBM 1130. | Ci-dessus a gauche, il y a l’exemple d’un CPU IBM 1131 et ci-dessous il y a un exemple de l’Unité centrale IBM 1130. | ||
- | En bas à droite, une photo les montre | + | En bas à droite, une photo les montre |
**Countless people at many companies and universities continued further development throughout the 1960’s. The US Government continued their involvement by funding many of these projects. Here are some notable creations: | **Countless people at many companies and universities continued further development throughout the 1960’s. The US Government continued their involvement by funding many of these projects. Here are some notable creations: | ||
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The Sketchpad was a computer program by Ivan Sutherland in 1963. It is considered to be the ancestor of both Computer Aided Design (CAD) and a major breakthrough in computer graphics in general. It was the first program to use a complete graphical user interface. It ran on the Lincoln TX-2, which was an advanced transistor-based computer built in 1958 by MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Users would draw on the screen using a light pen. They could create an initial drawing and then further modify it using geometric constraints. Geometric constraints were a major invention. In short, this allowed for precise drawing as opposed to free hand drawing. It would correct crooked lines to an exact length, and angles could be maintained while the drawing is modified. Here is a 7 minute 16mm film from 1963, it is a demonstration of how Sketchpad works: https:// | The Sketchpad was a computer program by Ivan Sutherland in 1963. It is considered to be the ancestor of both Computer Aided Design (CAD) and a major breakthrough in computer graphics in general. It was the first program to use a complete graphical user interface. It ran on the Lincoln TX-2, which was an advanced transistor-based computer built in 1958 by MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory. Users would draw on the screen using a light pen. They could create an initial drawing and then further modify it using geometric constraints. Geometric constraints were a major invention. In short, this allowed for precise drawing as opposed to free hand drawing. It would correct crooked lines to an exact length, and angles could be maintained while the drawing is modified. Here is a 7 minute 16mm film from 1963, it is a demonstration of how Sketchpad works: https:// | ||
- | De très nombreuses personnes | + | De très nombreuses personnes |
- | Sketchpad était un programme créé par Ivan Sutherland en 1963. On le considère comme l’ancêtre | + | Sketchpad était un programme créé par Ivan Sutherland en 1963. On le considère comme l’ancêtre |
- | The RAND Tablet, developed by the Rand Corporation in 1964, was an input device that used a stylus attached to a 10″ by 10″ (254 mm by 254 mm) printed-circuit screen using capacitive sensors. It looks and functions similar to today’s drawing tablets, like a Wacom tablet. The Rand Tablet had 100 lines per inch (25.4 mm) resolution, capable of digitizing 1 million locations, and used a handwriting recognition program called GRAIL (Graphical Input Language). GRAIL could identify 53 hand drawn numbers, letters, symbols and geometric shapes. It was also able to use gestures to manipulate text and etc on the screen. This product was the inspiration for the later creation of devices like Wacom’s drawing tablet, Apple’s Newton and the Palm Pilot by Palm Inc.. | + | **The RAND Tablet, developed by the Rand Corporation in 1964, was an input device that used a stylus attached to a 10″ by 10″ (254 mm by 254 mm) printed-circuit screen using capacitive sensors. It looks and functions similar to today’s drawing tablets, like a Wacom tablet. The Rand Tablet had 100 lines per inch (25.4 mm) resolution, capable of digitizing 1 million locations, and used a handwriting recognition program called GRAIL (Graphical Input Language). GRAIL could identify 53 hand drawn numbers, letters, symbols and geometric shapes. It was also able to use gestures to manipulate text and etc on the screen. This product was the inspiration for the later creation of devices like Wacom’s drawing tablet, Apple’s Newton and the Palm Pilot by Palm Inc.. |
- | RAND continued to develop computing devices and computer systems. They also partnered with IBM to create the VGS (Videographic System). It was a very interesting computer system, but a little too much to explain here. It combined video content (viewable on modified TV’s) and the RAND Tablet to allow a way of annotating the content. Cartographers found this system an amazing tool to create and annotate maps. I will link some PDF files below. | + | RAND continued to develop computing devices and computer systems. They also partnered with IBM to create the VGS (Videographic System). It was a very interesting computer system, but a little too much to explain here. It combined video content (viewable on modified TV’s) and the RAND Tablet to allow a way of annotating the content. Cartographers found this system an amazing tool to create and annotate maps. I will link some PDF files below.** |
- | RAND Videographic System. This is a technical overview of the complete system. Shows all the components that were used: https:// | + | La tablette RAND, développée par la Rand Corporation en 1964 était un dispositif de saisie qui utilisait un stylet attaché à un écran sur circuit imprimé de 25,4 x 25,4 cm utilisant des capteurs capacitifs. Ça ressemble à, et fonctionne d’une façon similaire, aux tablettes de dessin d’aujourd’hui, |
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+ | Rand a continué le développement de dispositifs informatiques et de systèmes d’ordinateur. La société a également collaboré avec IBM pour la création du VGS (Videographic System). C’était un très intéressant système informatique, | ||
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+ | **RAND Videographic System. This is a technical overview of the complete system. Shows all the components that were used: https:// | ||
RAND and the Information Evolution. For information specifically on the Videographic System, start at page 89: https:// | RAND and the Information Evolution. For information specifically on the Videographic System, start at page 89: https:// | ||
- | Light pen usage continued into the 1980’s, as early personal computers had the ability to use them. They fell out of use later in the decade, due the fact that you needed to keep your arm extended for long periods of time. A similar technology was used on game consoles, where the light pen was made to look like a gun, such as was used in a popular arcade game called Duck Hunt. | + | Light pen usage continued into the 1980’s, as early personal computers had the ability to use them. They fell out of use later in the decade, due the fact that you needed to keep your arm extended for long periods of time. A similar technology was used on game consoles, where the light pen was made to look like a gun, such as was used in a popular arcade game called Duck Hunt.** |
- | Linked here are two YouTube videos on how the RAND Tablet functioned. The first one is a 2 minute excerpt of a 97 minute presentation done by Alan Kay called “Doing With Images Makes Symbols: Communicating With Computers”. He is one of the many computer scientists that were responsible for the graphical interfaces that we use today, and is best known for his work on object-oriented-programming and windowing graphical user interface design. The second video is the original video Alan was commenting on in his presentation. Alan started it at the 7 minute and 30 second mark. The entire video is 14 minutes long and was produced by the RAND Corporation from the mid 1960’s. It is a very well produced video and the computer screen is very clear and legible. If you don’t want to take the time watching it; I would suggest at least skipping through it, as I think you will be surprised at its functionality. | + | RAND Videographic System. Il s’agit d’une synthèse technique du système complet et il montre toutes les composants utilisés : |
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+ | RAND and the Information Evolution. Pour des renseignements concernant spécifiquement le Videographic System, commencez à la page 89 : https:// | ||
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+ | L’utilisation du crayon optique a continué jusqu’aux années 1980, car les premiers PC avaient la capacité de les utiliser. Ils ont cessé d’être utilisés plus tard dans la décennie, parce qu’il fallait garder le bras tendu pendant de longues périodes. Une technologie similaire était utilisée sur des consoles de jeux, où le crayon optique était fabriqué pour ressembler à un pistolet, qui était utilisé dans un jeu d’arcade poulaire appelé Duck Hunt. | ||
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+ | **Linked here are two YouTube videos on how the RAND Tablet functioned. The first one is a 2 minute excerpt of a 97 minute presentation done by Alan Kay called “Doing With Images Makes Symbols: Communicating With Computers”. He is one of the many computer scientists that were responsible for the graphical interfaces that we use today, and is best known for his work on object-oriented-programming and windowing graphical user interface design. The second video is the original video Alan was commenting on in his presentation. Alan started it at the 7 minute and 30 second mark. The entire video is 14 minutes long and was produced by the RAND Corporation from the mid 1960’s. It is a very well produced video and the computer screen is very clear and legible. If you don’t want to take the time watching it; I would suggest at least skipping through it, as I think you will be surprised at its functionality. | ||
https:// | https:// | ||
- | Alan Kay “Doing With Images Makes Symbols: Communicating With Computers”. https:// | + | Alan Kay “Doing With Images Makes Symbols: Communicating With Computers”. https:// |
- | The last two projects of the 1960’s I am going to mention were also revolutionary in how modern graphical user interfaces | + | Je vous donne ici les liens vers deux vidéos sur YouTube concernant le fonctionnement de la Tablette RAND. La première est un extrait de 2 minutes d’une présentation de 97 minutes faite par Alan Key, appelée « Doing With Images Makes Symbols : Communicating With Computers. » Il est l’un des nombreux informaticiens responsables des interfaces |
- | He created the idea of hypertext. It is the foundation of how point and click actually works. The icon is a link that refers to another object. Professor Sir Tim Berners-Lee, | + | https:// |
- | Continuing on with Douglas, he and his group (he is named on the patent) created the computer mouse. It was given that as a nickname because the cord resembled a mouse tail. They intended to create an official name but the nickname caught on. The first prototype was in 1964 with its public demonstration in 1968. The patent was filed in 1967 and granted in 1970. You might find it interesting that the trackball predated his invention. It was invented by two separate people in separate countries a few years apart. Going by the earliest date first, an English engineer named Ralph Benjamin invented it in 1946 and was granted the patent in 1947, he called it roller ball. A few years later in 1952 a British electrical engineer in Canada named Kenyon Taylor and his team at the Royal Canadian Navy’s Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving project (DATAR) created their version of the trackball. | + | Alan Kay “Doing With Images Makes Symbols: Communicating With Computers”. |
+ | https:// | ||
- | I saved the best for last. One of the three aforementioned projects Douglas worked on was the Augmentation | + | **The last two projects |
- | The NLS was software that allowed many functions. To name a few, there was document creation/ | + | He created the idea of hypertext. It is the foundation of how point and click actually works. The icon is a link that refers |
- | Developments of design concepts began and were supported by the US Air Force from 1959 to 1960, and Douglas | + | Les deux derniers projets que je vais mentionner étaient également révolutionnaires pour le fonctionnement des interfaces utilisateur graphiques modernes. Ce qui suit a été fait par Douglas |
- | Douglas and his team gave a demonstration at the Association for Computing Machinery / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ACM/ | + | Il a créé l’idée de l’hypertexte. C’est la véritable base de fonctionnement du pointer-et-cliquer. L’icône est un lien qui se réfère à un autre objet. Le professeur Sir Tim Berners-Lee, un informaticien du CERN a utilisé cette idée pour créer le HTML en 1989 et l’a publié en 1990. Pour le citer « J’ai été obligé de prendre l’idée de l’hypertexte et la connecter au Transmission Control Protocol et des idées de nom de domaine-système et – ta-DA! – le World Wide Web. » |
- | The Mother of All Demos | + | **Continuing on with Douglas, he and his group (he is named on the patent) created the computer mouse. It was given that as a nickname because the cord resembled a mouse tail. They intended to create an official name but the nickname caught on. The first prototype was in 1964 with its public demonstration in 1968. The patent was filed in 1967 and granted in 1970. You might find it interesting that the trackball predated his invention. It was invented by two separate people in separate countries a few years apart. Going by the earliest date first, an English engineer named Ralph Benjamin invented it in 1946 and was granted the patent in 1947, he called it roller ball. A few years later in 1952 a British electrical engineer in Canada named Kenyon Taylor and his team at the Royal Canadian Navy’s Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving project (DATAR) created their version of the trackball. |
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+ | I saved the best for last. One of the three aforementioned projects Douglas worked on was the Augmentation of Human Intellect project. That project created the oN-Lin System (NLS). Douglas was inspired by some papers written by Vannevar Bush in 1945. He was an early engineer, inventor and science administrator for the US Government. His concept was called Memex. It outlines how our computers work today, really shocking how he described the functionality 76 years ago.** | ||
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+ | Pour continuer avec Douglas, lui et son groupe (son nom figure sur le brevet) ont créé la souris. Ce surnom lui a été attribué parce que le cordon ressemblait à la queue d’une souris. Ils avaient l’intention de créer un nom officiel, mais le surnom est devenu trop populaire. Le premier prototype arrivait en 1964 et a été démontré publiquement en 1968. Le brevet a été déposé en 1967 et octroyé en 1970. Vous pourriez trouver intéressant de savoir que le trackball précédait son invention. Celui-ci a été inventé par deux personnes distinctes dans deux pays distincts à seulement quelques années d’intervalle. Si l’on prend la première date d’abord, un ingénieur anglais nommé Ralph Benjamin l’a inventé en 1946 et son brevet a été accordé en 1947. Il l’appelait le roller ball. Quelques années plus tard, en 1952, un ingénieur électricien anglais au Canada appelé Kenyon Taylor et son équipe du projet Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving (DATAR) de la Marine royale canadienne ont créé leur version du trackball. | ||
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+ | J’ai gardé le meilleur pour la fin. L’un des trois projets précités sur lequel Douglas travaillait était le projet Augmentation of Human Intellect. Ce projet-là a créé le oN-Line System (NLS). Douglas a été inspiré par quelques articles écrits en 1945 par Vannevar Bush, un ingénieur, inventeur et administrateur scientifique pour le gouvernement des États-Unis. Son concept s’appelait Memex. Il définit les grandes lignes du fonctionnement de nos ordinateurs actuels ; le fait qu’il a décrit ce fonctionnement il y a 76 ans, est vraiment stupéfiant. | ||
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+ | **The NLS was software that allowed many functions. To name a few, there was document creation/ | ||
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+ | Developments of design concepts began and were supported by the US Air Force from 1959 to 1960, and Douglas later published a framework in 1962. In 1968, development moved to the above-mentioned SDS 940 using the Berkeley Timesharing System, which was an operating system that allowed multiple people to use it. Non-time-sharing operating systems would need to process the request of one person before it could process another.** | ||
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+ | Le NLS était un logiciel qui rendait possibles de très nombreuses fonctions, notamment la création ou suppression et l’édition de documents. Vous pouviez sélectionner du texte et le lier à d’autres parties du document ou même à un autre document (une forme de lien par hypertexte). Vous pouviez éditer un document à distance avec plusieurs personnes, ce qui en fait la première application du genre collecticiel. (Pensez-y comme à un Wiki.) Le logiciel pouvait déplacer et redimensionner de multiples fenêtres. C’était également la première fois que n’importe qui voyait une souris. Au début, le développement utilisait le CDC 3100 en 1965 et, plus tard, les Scientific Data Systems (SDS) 940 en 1968. Il s’agissait d’ordinateurs plus petits et pourtant plus puissants par rapport à ceux utilisés aux années 1950. Au lieu de remplir un ou des étages, ces ordinateurs entièrement connectés avait à peu près la taille d’un car. Chaque unité faisait environ 1,14 m de largeur et 1,87 m de hauteur. La quantité des machines connectées ensemble déterminait la capacité de calcul et la quantité de mémoire disponible, faute de pouvoir donner une explication plus technique. | ||
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+ | Les développements des conceptions du design ont commencé et ont été soutenus par l’US Air Force de 1959 à 1960 et Douglas a publié un framework plus tard en 1962. En 1968, le développement s’est déplacé sur le SDS 940 mentionné ci-dessus avec le Berkeley Timesharing System ; c’était un système d’exploitation que plusieurs personnes pouvaient utiliser. Les systèmes d’exploitation qui n’étaient pas en temps partagé devaient traiter la demande d’une personne avant de pouvoir traiter celle d’une autre. | ||
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+ | **Douglas and his team gave a demonstration at the Association for Computing Machinery / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ACM/ | ||
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+ | Douglas et son équipe en ont fait une démonstration à la Computer Society’s Fall Joint Computer Conference | ||
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+ | **The Mother of All Demos | ||
Excerpts from The Mother of All Demos: https:// | Excerpts from The Mother of All Demos: https:// | ||
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To see the list of videos click once on the = in the top right of the video window, if it does show them click again. | To see the list of videos click once on the = in the top right of the video window, if it does show them click again. | ||
- | In the next article, we will enter into the 1970’s and the beginning of the GUI as you know it today. | + | In the next article, we will enter into the 1970’s and the beginning of the GUI as you know it today.** |
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+ | La Mère de toutes les démos | ||
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+ | Extraits : https:// | ||
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+ | Pour voir la liste des vidéos, cliquez une fois sur le = en haut à droite de la fenêtre de la vidéo et, si la liste est montrée, cliquez à nouveau. | ||
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+ | Dans le prochain article, nous entrerons dans les années 1970 et les débuts de la GUI comme vous la connaissez aujourd’hui. | ||
issue177/mon_opinion.1643629252.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2022/01/31 12:40 de auntiee