issue183:latex
Différences
Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
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issue183:latex [2022/07/29 21:18] – créée d52fr | issue183:latex [2022/07/31 11:56] (Version actuelle) – auntiee | ||
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- | Tex was developed in the mid 1970s by Donald Knuth and published in 1978. “TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time” (Wikipedia: Tex). That meant the document and the typesetting instructions had to be written using only the standard 128 characters available in ASCII. Remember the first IBM-PC was not available until 1981. It came with 16KB of RAM, which was expandable to 256KB. For storage, the original IBM PC could house either one or two 320KB floppy disk drives. There were no PCs in 1978, so the first installations of Tex ran on PDP-10 machines, a mainframe computer popular in commercial settings and universities. | + | **Tex was developed in the mid 1970s by Donald Knuth and published in 1978. “TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time” (Wikipedia: Tex). That meant the document and the typesetting instructions had to be written using only the standard 128 characters available in ASCII. Remember the first IBM-PC was not available until 1981. It came with 16KB of RAM, which was expandable to 256KB. For storage, the original IBM PC could house either one or two 320KB floppy disk drives. There were no PCs in 1978, so the first installations of Tex ran on PDP-10 machines, a mainframe computer popular in commercial settings and universities. |
- | Remember Tex was designed for typesetting, | + | Remember Tex was designed for typesetting, |
- | This brief history lesson is to point out the need for packages when using Tex. With very limited RAM available and the necessity for using only ASCII, Knuth had to develop | + | Tex a été développé par Donald Knuth au milieu des années 1970 et publié en 1978. « TeX a été conçu avec deux objectifs principaux en tête : permettre à n' |
- | Because this early design decision was forced upon Knuth by the hardware specifications available at the time, Tex is now remarkably flexible and relatively easy to expand. Need a new capability? Write a new package. For example, the American Mathematical Society has written several packages that are very useful when mathematical formulas are included in printed documents.. This set of packages can be identified by “ams” at the beginning of the package name. | + | N' |
- | Latex was developed more-or-less in parallel to Tex. Latex is designed to be a user-friendly layer on top of Tex. It is a set of macros for the markup functions of Tex, and leaves the layout functions to Tex. It was developed in the 1980s, the current version was released in 1994 and revised in 2020. Latex consists of a basic set of packages that all users of Latex can assume will be availabe, and minimal documentation. The Latex archive (https:// | ||
- | What kind of document are you trying | + | **This brief history lesson is to point out the need for packages |
- | If your document requires citations, there are packages for several different citation styles so the references in your document can conform | + | Because this early design decision was forced upon Knuth by the hardware specifications available at the time, Tex is now remarkably flexible and relatively easy to expand. Need a new capability? Write a new package. For example, the American Mathematical Society has written several packages that are very useful when mathematical formulas are included in printed documents.. This set of packages |
- | If you find a package you would like to use at CTAN, what then? First, of course, you need to download it and unpack it. Then follow the installation | + | Cette brève leçon d' |
- | Some packages have good, clear, concise installation instructions. For example the installation instructions for the apa7 package say: | + | Parce que cette décision de conception précoce a été imposée à Knuth par les spécifications matérielles disponibles à l' |
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+ | **Latex was developed more-or-less in parallel to Tex. Latex is designed to be a user-friendly layer on top of Tex. It is a set of macros for the markup functions of Tex, and leaves the layout functions to Tex. It was developed in the 1980s, the current version was released in 1994 and revised in 2020. Latex consists of a basic set of packages that all users of Latex can assume will be availabe, and minimal documentation. The Latex archive (https:// | ||
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+ | What kind of document are you trying to write? Are you doing research in the physical sciences? There are 93 packages which include the word physics in their description at CTAN. There are 58 which use chemistry, but only 14 for astronomy. What about the life sciences? Packages using biology in their description are 23 in number, but only 1 for biochemistry. There are 750(!) for math, 62 labeled for geometry. You might want to narrow your search for an appropriate package, for example the term “integration” has 21 packages, probably some of these are in the total of 750 for mathematics. Turning to non-scientific packages, there is 1 which says it supports the work of pastors and priests, 28 for business, 1 for accounting, 2 for banking - including one that is specific for documents from the Czech National Bank. ** | ||
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+ | LaTeX a été développé plus ou moins parallèlement à Tex. LaTeX est conçu pour être une couche conviviale au-dessus de Tex. C'est un ensemble de macros pour les fonctions de balisage de Tex, et il laisse les fonctions de mise en page à Tex. Il a été développé dans les années 1980 et la version actuelle a été publiée en 1994 et révisée en 2020. LaTeX consiste en un ensemble de paquets de base que tous les utilisateurs de LaTeX peuvent supposer être disponibles et une documentation minimale. L' | ||
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+ | Quel type de document essayez-vous d' | ||
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+ | **If your document requires citations, there are packages for several different citation styles so the references in your document can conform to whatever style your school or publication requires. There are 5 packages for the MLA style, 17 for the Chicago style, and 53 for the APA style. Some of these packages will be obsolete as citation styles change from time to time. (Perhaps we should develop a package for FCM? <tongue firmly planted in cheek> | ||
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+ | If you find a package you would like to use at CTAN, what then? First, of course, you need to download it and unpack it. Then follow the installation instructions if there are any. Some packages have no installation instructions. Apparently the user is supposed to know how to install them. How the user, particularly inexperienced users, are to obtain this knowledge is not clear. Installing new Tex / LaTex packages can be a frustrating experience as you will learn in the rest of this article.** | ||
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+ | Si votre document nécessite des citations, il existe des paquets pour plusieurs styles de citation différents afin que les références de votre document soient conformes au style exigé par votre école ou votre publication. Il existe 5 paquets pour le style MLA, 17 pour le style Chicago et 53 pour le style APA. Certains de ces paquets seront obsolètes, car les styles de citation changent de temps en temps. (Peut-être devrions-nous développer un paquet pour le FCM ? <je plaisante, bien entendu> | ||
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+ | Si vous trouvez un paquetage que vous aimeriez utiliser au CTAN, que faire ? D' | ||
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+ | **Some packages have good, clear, concise installation instructions. For example the installation instructions for the apa7 package say: | ||
1. Create directory " | 1. Create directory " | ||
2. Run latex apa7.ins | 2. Run latex apa7.ins | ||
3. Move/copy apa7.cls to the directory of your latex install or the directory containing your latex project. | 3. Move/copy apa7.cls to the directory of your latex install or the directory containing your latex project. | ||
- | As we will find out, these instructions are appropriate for installing apa7. They are not all you need to know in order to install and use APA citation styles in your documents. I selected APA because it is a very common citation style used at colleges, universities and in professional journals. I selected apa7 because it is tied to the most recent revision of the APA style standard. Whether you use APA (or any citation style), I hope you will learn from what I did. When you want to expand what you can do with LaTex by installing new packages, keep my experience in mind. | + | As we will find out, these instructions are appropriate for installing apa7. They are not all you need to know in order to install and use APA citation styles in your documents. I selected APA because it is a very common citation style used at colleges, universities and in professional journals. I selected apa7 because it is tied to the most recent revision of the APA style standard. Whether you use APA (or any citation style), I hope you will learn from what I did. When you want to expand what you can do with LaTex by installing new packages, keep my experience in mind.** |
- | Having downloaded the apa7.zip package and then unzipping it there are these files: apa7.dtx, apa7.ins, apa7.pdf, README.txt. The README file has the installation instructions shown above. APA7.PDF contains documentation for this version of the APA style sheet – nothing to help with installation of the package. So I will follow the instructions. | + | Certains paquets ont de bonnes instructions d' |
+ | 1. Créez le répertoire « config » à côté du fichier apa7.ins | ||
+ | 2. Exécutez latex apa7.ins | ||
+ | 3. Déplacez/ | ||
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+ | Comme nous allons le découvrir, ces instructions sont appropriées pour installer apa7. Elles ne sont pas tout ce que vous devez savoir pour installer et utiliser les styles de citation APA dans vos documents. J'ai choisi APA parce que c'est un style de citation très communément utilisé dans les collèges, les universités et les revues professionnelles. J'ai choisi apa7 parce qu'il est lié à la révision la plus récente de la norme de style APA. Que vous utilisiez APA (ou tout autre style de citation), j' | ||
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+ | **Having downloaded the apa7.zip package and then unzipping it there are these files: apa7.dtx, apa7.ins, apa7.pdf, README.txt. The README file has the installation instructions shown above. APA7.PDF contains documentation for this version of the APA style sheet – nothing to help with installation of the package. So I will follow the instructions. | ||
1. In the apa7 folder in my default download folder, I made a folder called “config”. | 1. In the apa7 folder in my default download folder, I made a folder called “config”. | ||
2. I opened a terminal window and ran latex apa7.ins. This generated twelve txt files in the config folder: twelve files starting with apa7 and then a word denoting language: apa7american.txt, | 2. I opened a terminal window and ran latex apa7.ins. This generated twelve txt files in the config folder: twelve files starting with apa7 and then a word denoting language: apa7american.txt, | ||
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5. Compiling apa7test.tex with apa7.cls in the same folder generated an error. The apa7.sty file could not be found. I moved the apa7.cls file to the installation folder (using sudo) and compiled it again. | 5. Compiling apa7test.tex with apa7.cls in the same folder generated an error. The apa7.sty file could not be found. I moved the apa7.cls file to the installation folder (using sudo) and compiled it again. | ||
a. I did a search for *.cls files and discovered in my distribution *.cls files are stored in / | a. I did a search for *.cls files and discovered in my distribution *.cls files are stored in / | ||
- | 6. Same error: cannot find apa7.sty. | + | 6. Same error: cannot find apa7.sty.** |
- | What I learned is not obvious and not mentioned in the apa7 documentation. APA7 is simply an update to the original APA style sheet which is available by installing apacite. It is not a complete package, the original apacite package needs to be installed first. This oversight in the documentation is common with Tex packages; this kind of oversight is very frustrating for inexperienced users. | + | Après avoir téléchargé le paquet apa7.zip et l' |
+ | 1. Dans le dossier apa7 de mon dossier de téléchargements par défaut, j'ai créé un dossier appelé « config ». | ||
+ | 2. J'ai ouvert une fenêtre de terminal et exécuté latex apa7.ins. Cela a généré douze fichiers txt dans le dossier config : douze fichiers commençant par apa7 et ensuite un mot désignant la langue : apa7american.txt, | ||
+ | 3. Ensuite, je suis censé copier apa7.cls dans le répertoire de mon installation latex ou de mon projet. J'ai choisi le dossier du projet. | ||
+ | 4. Une fois que j'ai eu apa7.cls dans le dossier du projet, j'ai démarré un nouveau projet Tex (apa7test.tex) et ajouté le paquet apa7 au préambule. Puis j'ai compilé apa7test.tex en utilisant TexStudio. | ||
+ | 5. La compilation de apa7test.tex avec apa7.cls dans le même dossier a généré une erreur. Le fichier apa7.sty n'a pas pu être trouvé. J'ai déplacé le fichier apa7.cls dans le dossier d' | ||
+ | a. J'ai fait une recherche sur les fichiers *.cls et j'ai découvert que, dans ma distribution, | ||
+ | 6. Même erreur : impossible de trouver apa7.sty. | ||
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+ | **What I learned is not obvious and not mentioned in the apa7 documentation. APA7 is simply an update to the original APA style sheet which is available by installing apacite. It is not a complete package, the original apacite package needs to be installed first. This oversight in the documentation is common with Tex packages; this kind of oversight is very frustrating for inexperienced users. | ||
After I downloaded and unzipped apacite, I then gave the command text apacite.ins. (This instruction is often used as a precursor to installing Tex / LaTex packages.) There are now 24 files in the apacite folder instead of the 4 I started with. These files need homes; they have to be moved to appropriate folders in the tex hierarchy of folders. | After I downloaded and unzipped apacite, I then gave the command text apacite.ins. (This instruction is often used as a precursor to installing Tex / LaTex packages.) There are now 24 files in the apacite folder instead of the 4 I started with. These files need homes; they have to be moved to appropriate folders in the tex hierarchy of folders. | ||
- | Each user will have to find where the files with a particular extension are stored in their distribution. Most or all will be in the same part of the directory tree. Search for the extension to find the location. Then move the appropriate file into the location. Then repeat. In my download/ | + | Each user will have to find where the files with a particular extension are stored in their distribution. Most or all will be in the same part of the directory tree. Search for the extension to find the location. Then move the appropriate file into the location. Then repeat. In my download/ |
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+ | Ce que j'ai appris n'est pas évident et n'est pas mentionné dans la documentation d' | ||
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+ | Après avoir téléchargé et décompressé apacite, j'ai ensuite donné la commande text apacite.ins. (Cette instruction est souvent utilisée comme précurseur de l' | ||
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+ | Chaque utilisateur devra trouver où sont stockés les fichiers avec une extension particulière dans sa distribution. La plupart, voire tous, se trouveront dans la même partie de l' | ||
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+ | **I know this article has not had much “hands-on” material for you to follow. Next month, I will return to my usual hands-on, step-by-step stuff with an expansion of Erik’s work about images in documents. Some of you have probably watched some or many of the instructional videos about LaTex available online. Many of them are specific about what packages need to be included in order to do particular tasks. Erik used three packages in the articles he wrote: graphicx, subcaption and lipsum. Packages can be used to extend LaTex, to give it capabilities the standard install does not have, to update its features, to do specific tasks. When I look at images next time, I will need to use the graphicx package. | ||
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+ | As always if you have comments, or questions, or have a specific topic you want me to deal with, please send an email. I will respond to the best of my ability.** | ||
- | I know this article | + | Je sais que cet article |
- | As always if you have comments, or questions, or have a specific topic you want me to deal with, please send an email. I will respond to the best of my ability. | + | Comme toujours, si vous avez des commentaires, des questions ou un sujet spécifique que vous souhaitez que je traite, envoyez-moi un courriel. Je vous répondrai du mieux que je peux. |
issue183/latex.1659122286.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2022/07/29 21:18 de d52fr