issue217:tutoriel1
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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
issue217:tutoriel1 [2025/06/01 15:57] – d52fr | issue217:tutoriel1 [2025/06/02 08:45] (Version actuelle) – d52fr | ||
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- | As we skipped a few issues due to me not having employment and attending lots of interviews, let us quickly recap. | + | **As we skipped a few issues due to me not having employment and attending lots of interviews, let us quickly recap. |
In the very first article of this series, we looked at getting more information about your system, or a system that you may have connected to. Sometimes you need to know. We looked at all the ls-commands that you will find in Ubuntu. In the next article, we looked at basic logging and how to read users and groups. Then we moved over to storage, but we got a bit lost in the weeds getting another drive attached to a VM, so we could do more. In the third instalment we faffed with understanding how block devices work and how to get a disk ready via the command-line and a little bit about how Linux uses UUIDs to identify drives. | In the very first article of this series, we looked at getting more information about your system, or a system that you may have connected to. Sometimes you need to know. We looked at all the ls-commands that you will find in Ubuntu. In the next article, we looked at basic logging and how to read users and groups. Then we moved over to storage, but we got a bit lost in the weeds getting another drive attached to a VM, so we could do more. In the third instalment we faffed with understanding how block devices work and how to get a disk ready via the command-line and a little bit about how Linux uses UUIDs to identify drives. | ||
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Now that we are on the drive topic, let’s look at how a system boots, and maybe even shuts down. This has nothing to do with the horrible book above, but I was reading up on UEFI/EFI and the boot process, by a guy who forked rEFIt to handle multiple operating systems on one drive (Multi-boot). | Now that we are on the drive topic, let’s look at how a system boots, and maybe even shuts down. This has nothing to do with the horrible book above, but I was reading up on UEFI/EFI and the boot process, by a guy who forked rEFIt to handle multiple operating systems on one drive (Multi-boot). | ||
- | Now if you are ancient, like me , you may know that there used to be another bootloader, named LiLo, and GRUB wasn’t the only game in town (there was syslinux too, but it is defunct). It was very simple and you did not need to configure anything. GNU GRUB is the GRand Unified Bootloader, lovingly known as just GRUB. | + | Now if you are ancient, like me , you may know that there used to be another bootloader, named LiLo, and GRUB wasn’t the only game in town (there was syslinux too, but it is defunct). It was very simple and you did not need to configure anything. GNU GRUB is the GRand Unified Bootloader, lovingly known as just GRUB.** |
- | When Ubuntu starts up, GRUB is the first program that runs. It loads the kernel and then the kernel loads the rest of the operating system, including the shell, the desktop environment, | + | Comme nous avons omis quelques points en raison de mon chômage et de mes nombreux entretiens, permettez-moi de récapituler rapidement. |
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+ | Dans le premier article de cette série, nous avons abordé la question de l' | ||
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+ | Maintenant que nous abordons le sujet des disques, voyons comment un système démarre, et peut-être même s' | ||
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+ | Si vous êtes un ancien, comme moi, vous savez peut-être qu'il existait autrefois un autre chargeur de démarrage, nommé LiLo, et que GRUB n' | ||
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+ | **When Ubuntu starts up, GRUB is the first program that runs. It loads the kernel and then the kernel loads the rest of the operating system, including the shell, the desktop environment, | ||
Have you encountered a screen like this before? They do not all look the same and the first interaction most newbies have with this screen is when things go wrong. I say that they do not all look the same, as yours may show a list of previous kernels to boot from and mine does not. | Have you encountered a screen like this before? They do not all look the same and the first interaction most newbies have with this screen is when things go wrong. I say that they do not all look the same, as yours may show a list of previous kernels to boot from and mine does not. | ||
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If you dual-boot with Windows, you may see that here too. You usually just select what you want and press enter, hence why it is called the boot selection screen. You can, should you want to, do the thing that is mentioned at the bottom of my screenshot, and hit “e” to edit the entries – usually when things go wrong, otherwise, you may never interact with it. | If you dual-boot with Windows, you may see that here too. You usually just select what you want and press enter, hence why it is called the boot selection screen. You can, should you want to, do the thing that is mentioned at the bottom of my screenshot, and hit “e” to edit the entries – usually when things go wrong, otherwise, you may never interact with it. | ||
- | Here we can see the output in edit mode. The changes you make when hitting “e” is temporary, only for this next boot (when you press F10 or type boot). | + | Here we can see the output in edit mode. The changes you make when hitting “e” is temporary, only for this next boot (when you press F10 or type boot).** |
- | Let’s break it down, oomph, oomph, oh, not that way. OK then, the first line, “setparams”, | + | Au démarrage d' |
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+ | Avez-vous déjà rencontré un écran comme celui-ci ? Ils ne se ressemblent pas tous et la première interaction de la plupart des débutants avec cet écran survient en cas de problème. Je précise qu'ils ne se ressemblent pas tous, car le vôtre peut afficher une liste des noyaux précédents à partir desquels démarrer, contrairement au mien. | ||
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+ | Si vous utilisez un double démarrage avec Windows, vous le verrez peut-être aussi ici. Il suffit généralement de sélectionner ce que vous voulez et d' | ||
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+ | Voici le résultat en mode édition (image ci-coontre). Les modifications apportées en appuyant sur « e » sont temporaires et ne s' | ||
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+ | **Let’s break it down, oomph, oomph, oh, not that way. OK then, the first line, “setparams”, | ||
If we look at the block following that, up to the if-statement, | If we look at the block following that, up to the if-statement, | ||
- | If you were to page down on that screen, after the UUID, you will see which kernel is being loaded and where root is, and how to mount it – usually it reads “ro” for read only, and you should not change this unless you are recovering your drive. I usually like removing the “quiet” option on my slow machines, then I get to see the boot messages scroll by. This works only on spinning rust really, as with SSDs it will just flash by and there is no point looking as it will scroll too fast. | + | If you were to page down on that screen, after the UUID, you will see which kernel is being loaded and where root is, and how to mount it – usually it reads “ro” for read only, and you should not change this unless you are recovering your drive. I usually like removing the “quiet” option on my slow machines, then I get to see the boot messages scroll by. This works only on spinning rust really, as with SSDs it will just flash by and there is no point looking as it will scroll too fast.** |
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+ | Décomposons-le, | ||
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+ | Si l'on regarde le bloc suivant, jusqu' | ||
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+ | Si vous faites défiler l' | ||
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+ | **That “initrd” that you see is the initial ram disk, that gets loaded into memory to start your daemons. If you make changes, you need to press CRTL+c to cancel and boot normally, or CTRL+x, to boot with the temporary changes. There is also the option to use the GRUB console, by pressing just “c”. This is a shell, but it is not bash, more like a GRUB-shell. When you type “help”, you will see commands that are not available in bash, and even the commands that you may be familiar with, will not operate in the way you expect. I would encourage you to enter the GRUB-shell and use the “ls” command. If you have never used this shell before, I suggest running the help command followed by the listed command to see what it actually does. If you use logical volumes, I would suggest paying attention, maybe even taking a picture with your phone, before attempting anything. If you roll your own kernel, this would be where you go to boot from it. | ||
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+ | As always, misc@fullcirclemagazine.org if there are mistakes.** | ||
- | That “initrd” that you see is the initial | + | L' |
- | As always, misc@fullcirclemagazine.org | + | Comme toujours, envoyez un mail à misc@fullcirclemagazine.org |
issue217/tutoriel1.1748786270.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2025/06/01 15:57 de d52fr