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issue219:tutoriel2 [2025/07/17 18:04] – créée philou511 | issue219:tutoriel2 [2025/07/30 07:05] (Version actuelle) – d52fr |
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Trading Up To Linux – Part 7 | **One of the reservations many people have about moving to Linux is that they think learning to use the new operating system will be hard and, in particular, that they will be unable to use the Windows applications to which they have become accustomed over many years. Neither of these scenarios is necessarily true. In recent articles in this series, we have seen that modern Linux distros compare very favourably with Windows. Many of the features of the Windows desktop, such as the ability to create on-screen program shortcuts and add quick-launch icons to the taskbar (panel) are present in Linux. The menu system in Linux Mint, with its layout of software categories allowing rapid access to specific applications, is particularly easy to navigate. The Software Manager, with curated applications available from secure repositories, and the Update Manager, offering exceptional user control, give Linux definite advantages for these aspects of computer maintenance.** |
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By Alan German | L'une des réserves de nombreux utilisateurs concernant le passage à Linux est qu'ils pensent que l'apprentissage du nouveau système d'exploitation sera difficile et, en particulier, qu'ils seront incapables d'utiliser les applications Windows auxquelles ils se sont habitués depuis de nombreuses années. Aucun de ces scénarios n'est nécessairement vrai. Dans les articles récents de cette série, nous avons constaté que les distributions Linux modernes soutiennent très bien la comparaison avec Windows. De nombreuses fonctionnalités du bureau Windows, comme la possibilité de créer des raccourcis à l'écran et d'ajouter des icônes de lancement rapide à la barre des tâches (panneau), sont présentes sous Linux. Le système de menus de Linux Mint, avec sa disposition en catégories de logiciels permettant un accès rapide à des applications spécifiques, est particulièrement convivial. Le gestionnaire de logiciels, avec ses applications sélectionnées disponibles dans des dépôts sécurisés, et le gestionnaire de mises à jour, offrant un contrôle utilisateur exceptionnel, confèrent à Linux des avantages certains pour ces aspects de la maintenance informatique. |
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One of the reservations many people have about moving to Linux is that they think learning to use the new operating system will be hard and, in particular, that they will be unable to use the Windows applications to which they have become accustomed over many years. Neither of these scenarios is necessarily true. In recent articles in this series, we have seen that modern Linux distros compare very favourably with Windows. Many of the features of the Windows desktop, such as the ability to create on-screen program shortcuts and add quick-launch icons to the taskbar (panel) are present in Linux. The menu system in Linux Mint, with its layout of software categories allowing rapid access to specific applications, is particularly easy to navigate. The Software Manager, with curated applications available from secure repositories, and the Update Manager, offering exceptional user control, give Linux definite advantages for these aspects of computer maintenance. | |
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Linux also has the ability to run many Windows programs, for example by using Wine or PlayonLinux (a graphical front end for Wine). Windows and Linux have very different system software and, while Linux is open-source, the Windows system is proprietary, with its under-the-hood operations not being documented in the public domain. Nevertheless, Linux developers have created a “compatibility layer” that translates Windows Application Program Interface (API) calls to their Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) standard equivalents. In short, this means that many Windows programs can be run in Linux. | **Linux also has the ability to run many Windows programs, for example by using Wine or PlayonLinux (a graphical front end for Wine). Windows and Linux have very different system software and, while Linux is open-source, the Windows system is proprietary, with its under-the-hood operations not being documented in the public domain. Nevertheless, Linux developers have created a “compatibility layer” that translates Windows Application Program Interface (API) calls to their Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) standard equivalents. In short, this means that many Windows programs can be run in Linux. |
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While a large number of Windows programs will work quite satisfactorily on Linux using Wine, some will function better than others, and even different versions of the same program may not function in the same manner. The Wine Application Database (AppDB) lists almost 30,000 applications, and assists end users in identifying the ability of Wine to run specific programs. Individual applications are ranked on a five-point scale, from Platinum, for Windows programs that run flawlessly, through to Garbage, where problems are so severe to make the program unusable in Linux. | While a large number of Windows programs will work quite satisfactorily on Linux using Wine, some will function better than others, and even different versions of the same program may not function in the same manner. The Wine Application Database (AppDB) lists almost 30,000 applications, and assists end users in identifying the ability of Wine to run specific programs. Individual applications are ranked on a five-point scale, from Platinum, for Windows programs that run flawlessly, through to Garbage, where problems are so severe to make the program unusable in Linux.** |
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Microsoft Office is a favourite software package for Windows users and features the Word (word processing), Excel (spreadsheet), and PowerPoint (presentation) modules. These provide an excellent example of the variation of performance for different versions of the same program under Wine. For example, Microsoft Word has rankings across all of the available categories – Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze and Garbage – as shown in Figure 1. | Linux permet également d'exécuter de nombreux programmes Windows, par exemple grâce à Wine ou PlayonLinux (une interface graphique pour Wine). Windows et Linux ont des logiciels système très différents et, si Linux est Open Source, le système Windows est propriétaire, ses opérations internes n'étant pas documentées dans le domaine public. Néanmoins, les développeurs Linux ont créé une « couche de compatibilité » qui traduit les appels de l'interface de programmation d'applications (API) de Windows vers leurs équivalents au standard POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface - Interface portable d'un système d'exploitation). En résumé, cela signifie que de nombreux programmes Windows peuvent être exécutés sous Linux. |
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Figure 1. Wine AppDB Ratings for Microsoft Word | Si un grand nombre de programmes Windows fonctionnent parfaitement sous Linux avec Wine, certains fonctionnent mieux que d'autres, et même différentes versions d'un même programme peuvent ne pas fonctionner de la même manière. La base de données des applications Wine (AppDB) répertorie près de 30 000 applications et aide les utilisateurs finaux à identifier la capacité de Wine à exécuter des programmes spécifiques. Les applications individuelles sont classées sur une échelle de cinq points, de Platinum, pour les programmes Windows qui fonctionnent parfaitement, jusqu'à Garbage, où les problèmes sont si graves qu'ils rendent le programme inutilisable sous Linux. |
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| **Microsoft Office is a favourite software package for Windows users and features the Word (word processing), Excel (spreadsheet), and PowerPoint (presentation) modules. These provide an excellent example of the variation of performance for different versions of the same program under Wine. For example, Microsoft Word has rankings across all of the available categories – Platinum, Gold, Silver, Bronze and Garbage – as shown left. |
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Wine is available through the Software Manager so this is the easiest way to install the package. It’s a command-line utility, so to install a Windows program requires opening a Linux Terminal and typing in some appropriate commands. Fortunately, the structure of the main command is very simple – wine <program-name>.exe. Note that this assumes that the wine command is being run on the folder that contains the Windows executable. If this is not the case, then a change directory (cd) command needs to be added. For example, installation of the Homesite HTML editor from a USB drive to my hard drive on Linux uses the command sequence: | Wine is available through the Software Manager so this is the easiest way to install the package. It’s a command-line utility, so to install a Windows program requires opening a Linux Terminal and typing in some appropriate commands. Fortunately, the structure of the main command is very simple – wine <program-name>.exe. Note that this assumes that the wine command is being run on the folder that contains the Windows executable. If this is not the case, then a change directory (cd) command needs to be added. For example, installation of the Homesite HTML editor from a USB drive to my hard drive on Linux uses the command sequence: |
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| cd /media/toaster/KINGSTON/Homesite |
| wine Setup.EXE** |
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| Microsoft Office est une suite logicielle très appréciée des utilisateurs Windows. Elle comprend les modules Word (traitement de texte), Excel (tableur) et PowerPoint (présentation). Ces modules illustrent parfaitement les variations de performances entre les différentes versions d'un même programme sous Wine. Par exemple, Microsoft Word est classé dans toutes les catégories disponibles : Platine, Or, Argent, Bronze et Déchet, comme le montre la figure de gauche. |
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| Wine est disponible via le Gestionnaire de logiciels, ce qui constitue le moyen le plus simple de l'installer. Il s'agit d'un utilitaire en ligne de commande ; l'installation d'un programme Windows nécessite donc l'ouverture d'un terminal Linux et la saisie des commandes appropriées. Heureusement, la structure de la commande principale est très simple : wine <nom-du-programme>.exe. Notez que cela suppose que la commande wine est exécutée dans le dossier contenant l'exécutable Windows. Si ce n'est pas le cas, une commande de changement de répertoire (cd) doit être ajoutée. Par exemple, l'installation de l'éditeur HTML Homesite depuis une clé USB sur mon disque dur sous Linux utilise la séquence de commandes : |
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cd /media/toaster/KINGSTON/Homesite | cd /media/toaster/KINGSTON/Homesite |
wine Setup.EXE | wine Setup.EXE |
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The setup program loads from the Kingston USB drive and the subsequent installation prompts are exactly the same as those that appear when installing the program in Windows, including the need to enter the activation code when this is requested. A category for Wine-based applications, and an associated entry for Homesite, is automatically created in the Linux Mint menu structure. Homesite can then be run on the Linux system exactly as is done on Windows. | |
| **The setup program loads from the Kingston USB drive and the subsequent installation prompts are exactly the same as those that appear when installing the program in Windows, including the need to enter the activation code when this is requested. A category for Wine-based applications, and an associated entry for Homesite, is automatically created in the Linux Mint menu structure. Homesite can then be run on the Linux system exactly as is done on Windows. |
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When it comes to software like Microsoft Office, PlayonLinux provides a graphical user interface and also pre-built scripts to install several versions of the office suite. PlayonLinux can be installed through the Software Manager; however, subsequently trying to immediately install Office results in an error message that the Winbind package is also required. Installing both PlayonLinux and Winbind resolves this issue. | When it comes to software like Microsoft Office, PlayonLinux provides a graphical user interface and also pre-built scripts to install several versions of the office suite. PlayonLinux can be installed through the Software Manager; however, subsequently trying to immediately install Office results in an error message that the Winbind package is also required. Installing both PlayonLinux and Winbind resolves this issue. |
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PlayonLinux is somewhat restricted in the versions of Microsoft Office that are supported. I have Office 2010 which is one of the versions on the supported list. Starting the installation process in PlayonLinux is simply a matter of searching for “Office” and, in my case, selecting “Microsoft Office 2010”. It should be noted that you must own a copy of the software, as a valid 25-character product key is required to be entered as part of the installation process. | PlayonLinux is somewhat restricted in the versions of Microsoft Office that are supported. I have Office 2010 which is one of the versions on the supported list. Starting the installation process in PlayonLinux is simply a matter of searching for “Office” and, in my case, selecting “Microsoft Office 2010”. It should be noted that you must own a copy of the software, as a valid 25-character product key is required to be entered as part of the installation process.** |
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As the installation proceeds, a series of dialogue boxes provide information, installation options, and error/warning messages. For example, an initial screen indicates that Office should be installed on the (default) “C: drive” which is effectively a virtual drive in the Linux file system. One interesting “error” that I encountered was a screen that showed a file system check error pointing to the USB drive that was being used to access the installation files for Office. Cancelling and ignoring this error allowed the installation to proceed normally. | Le programme d'installation se charge depuis la clé USB Kingston et les invites d'installation suivantes sont identiques à celles affichées lors de l'installation du programme sous Windows, y compris la nécessité de saisir le code d'activation lorsque celui-ci est demandé. Une catégorie pour les applications Wine et une entrée associée pour Homesite sont automatiquement créées dans le menu de Linux Mint. Homesite peut ensuite être exécuté sur Linux exactement comme sur Windows. |
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Subsequently, more error screens were displayed, seemingly due to an inability of the installer to locate various WindowsXP-KB files. Asking the installer to retry was ineffective as the same screens immediately reappeared. So, responding negatively to the retry query allowed the installation to proceed. Despite such error messages, a final screen indicated “Microsoft Office 2010 has been installed successfully” (Figure 2). | Pour des logiciels comme Microsoft Office, PlayonLinux propose une interface utilisateur graphique et des scripts pré-intégrés pour installer plusieurs versions de la suite bureautique. PlayonLinux peut être installé via le Gestionnaire de logiciels ; cependant, si vous essayez d'installer immédiatement Office par la suite, un message d'erreur s'affiche, indiquant que le package Winbind est également requis. L'installation simultanée de PlayonLinux et de Winbind résout ce problème. |
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Figure 2. Microsoft Office installed using PlayonLinux | PlayonLinux est quelque peu limité quant aux versions de Microsoft Office prises en charge. J'utilise Office 2010, qui fait partie de la liste des versions prises en charge. Pour lancer l'installation dans PlayonLinux, il suffit de rechercher « Office » et, dans mon cas, de sélectionner « Microsoft Office 2010 ». Il est important de noter que vous devez posséder une copie du logiciel, car une clé de produit valide de 25 caractères est requise pour l'installation. |
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The installation resulted in on-screen program icons being displayed for each of the Microsoft Office modules, including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, all of which I use regularly, but also for Outlook and OneNote that I never use. However, it was very easy to delete the unwanted icons, and place those that are useful along the top of the screen, which is my preferred location. | |
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Figure 3. Microsoft Word running on the Linux desktop | **As the installation proceeds, a series of dialogue boxes provide information, installation options, and error/warning messages. For example, an initial screen indicates that Office should be installed on the (default) “C: drive” which is effectively a virtual drive in the Linux file system. One interesting “error” that I encountered was a screen that showed a file system check error pointing to the USB drive that was being used to access the installation files for Office. Cancelling and ignoring this error allowed the installation to proceed normally. |
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The screenshot in Figure 3 shows a newsletter article being prepared in Microsoft Word running in Linux. We can also see the program icons for Word and Excel along the top-left edge of the screen. The icon for PowerPoint is covered by the Word program window. Also, note the Homesite icon in the top-right corner of the Linux desktop. All of these Windows programs are available for use in Linux by simply double-clicking! | Subsequently, more error screens were displayed, seemingly due to an inability of the installer to locate various WindowsXP-KB files. Asking the installer to retry was ineffective as the same screens immediately reappeared. So, responding negatively to the retry query allowed the installation to proceed. Despite such error messages, a final screen indicated “Microsoft Office 2010 has been installed successfully” (below). |
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| Figure 2. Microsoft Office installed using PlayonLinux** |
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| Au cours de l'installation, une série de boîtes de dialogue affichent des informations, des options d'installation et des messages d'erreur/d'avertissement. Par exemple, un écran initial indique qu'Office doit être installé sur le lecteur C: (par défaut), qui est en réalité un lecteur virtuel du système de fichiers Linux. J'ai rencontré une erreur intéressante : un écran affichait une erreur de vérification du système de fichiers pointant vers la clé USB utilisée pour accéder aux fichiers d'installation d'Office. Annuler et ignorer cette erreur a permis à l'installation de se poursuivre normalement. |
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| Par la suite, d'autres écrans d'erreur se sont affichés, apparemment dus à l'incapacité du programme d'installation à localiser divers fichiers Windows XP-KB. Demander au programme d'installation de réessayer s'est avéré inefficace, les mêmes écrans réapparaissant immédiatement. Par conséquent, répondre négativement à la requête de nouvelle tentative a permis à l'installation de se poursuivre. Malgré ces messages d'erreur, un écran final indiquait : « Microsoft Office 2010 a été installé avec succès » (voir ci-dessous). |
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| **The installation resulted in on-screen program icons being displayed for each of the Microsoft Office modules, including Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, all of which I use regularly, but also for Outlook and OneNote that I never use. However, it was very easy to delete the unwanted icons, and place those that are useful along the top of the screen, which is my preferred location. |
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| The screenshot below shows a newsletter article being prepared in Microsoft Word running in Linux. We can also see the program icons for Word and Excel along the top-left edge of the screen. The icon for PowerPoint is covered by the Word program window. Also, note the Homesite icon in the top-right corner of the Linux desktop. All of these Windows programs are available for use in Linux by simply double-clicking! |
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Bottom Line | Bottom Line |
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| Wine (Open Source) |
| Version 10.0 |
| https://www.winehq.org |
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| PlayonLinux (Open Source) |
| Version 4.4 |
| https://www.playonlinux.com/en/** |
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| L'installation a permis d'afficher à l'écran des icônes pour chaque module de Microsoft Office, notamment Word, Excel et PowerPoint, que j'utilise régulièrement, mais aussi pour Outlook et OneNote, que je n'utilise jamais. Cependant, il a été très facile de supprimer les icônes inutiles et de placer celles qui me sont utiles en haut de l'écran, mon emplacement préféré. |
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| La capture d'écran ci-dessous montre la rédaction d'un article de journal dans Microsoft Word sous Linux. On peut également voir les icônes de Word et Excel en haut à gauche de l'écran. L'icône de PowerPoint est masquée par la fenêtre de Word. Notez également l'icône Homesite en haut à droite du bureau Linux. Tous ces programmes Windows sont accessibles sous Linux par un simple double-clic ! |
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| En résumé |
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Wine (Open Source) | Wine (Open Source) |