issue95:mon_histoire
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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
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issue95:mon_histoire [2015/04/07 17:58] – créée auntiee | issue95:mon_histoire [2015/04/23 18:41] (Version actuelle) – d52fr | ||
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- | Ubuntu has become well-known as a distribution designed for normal users, with an emphasis on ease of use. However, its open-source nature also makes this kind of work environment especially useful for the scientist. | + | ===== 1 ===== |
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+ | **Ubuntu has become well-known as a distribution designed for normal users, with an emphasis on ease of use. However, its open-source nature also makes this kind of work environment especially useful for the scientist. | ||
Investigators form a rather specific category of computer users. They tend to have quite precise needs, that overlap those of “normal” users only up to a certain extent. For example, a statistician may in some cases have a use for the very same spreadsheet as a manager, though put to other tasks. However, at some point, the statistician will require a more powerful number-crunching environment, | Investigators form a rather specific category of computer users. They tend to have quite precise needs, that overlap those of “normal” users only up to a certain extent. For example, a statistician may in some cases have a use for the very same spreadsheet as a manager, though put to other tasks. However, at some point, the statistician will require a more powerful number-crunching environment, | ||
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However, the number of potential users for specific, scientific, programs is naturally much smaller than that for more ordinary tasks. Many of those developing programs for scientific purposes are actually scientists themselves, as the specialization of modern science makes a background in each specific field at the very least a certain advantage. Having an open-source operating system makes building programs easier for these people who may not be computer engineers. At the same time, having a software management tool such as the apt and repository system at your disposal makes distributing your program much easier than without them. All of this has contributed to making a wide range of scientific applications available both for Ubuntu and for the distribution it is based on, Debian. | However, the number of potential users for specific, scientific, programs is naturally much smaller than that for more ordinary tasks. Many of those developing programs for scientific purposes are actually scientists themselves, as the specialization of modern science makes a background in each specific field at the very least a certain advantage. Having an open-source operating system makes building programs easier for these people who may not be computer engineers. At the same time, having a software management tool such as the apt and repository system at your disposal makes distributing your program much easier than without them. All of this has contributed to making a wide range of scientific applications available both for Ubuntu and for the distribution it is based on, Debian. | ||
- | To illustrate this topic, in this piece I would like to show you some of the options to display chemical molecules in 3D on your computer, with an emphasis on organic chemistry. Applications include not only teaching chemistry in itself, but also learning more about biology and, to some extent, genetics. For example, we could view a 3D model of hemagglutinin (PDB code 1RUZ) that viruses such as the infamous Influenza A virus use to bind to the host’s cells - the “H1” part of e.g. H1N1 representing the specific type of hemagglutinin contained by that virus. | + | To illustrate this topic, in this piece I would like to show you some of the options to display chemical molecules in 3D on your computer, with an emphasis on organic chemistry. Applications include not only teaching chemistry in itself, but also learning more about biology and, to some extent, genetics. For example, we could view a 3D model of hemagglutinin (PDB code 1RUZ) that viruses such as the infamous Influenza A virus use to bind to the host’s cells - the “H1” part of e.g. H1N1 representing the specific type of hemagglutinin contained by that virus.** |
- | GETTING MOLECULES | + | Ubuntu est très connue en tant que distribution conçue pour les utilisateurs normaux, car l' |
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+ | Les chercheurs composent une catégorie plutôt particulière d' | ||
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+ | Cependant, le nombre d' | ||
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+ | Pour illustrer ce sujet, j' | ||
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+ | ===== 2 ===== | ||
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+ | **GETTING MOLECULES | ||
Several file formats are currently in use, but perhaps the most extended are the MDL Molfile format (extension: .mol) and the Protein Data Bank format (extension: .pdb). Most molecule viewers are capable of handling both, or even of converting a molecule between formats. It is worth noting that both formats are originally text-based files with a well-documented structure, which illustrates how open data formats are helpful to share data in the scientific world. Compressed versions may also be found, generally using standard gzip compression. | Several file formats are currently in use, but perhaps the most extended are the MDL Molfile format (extension: .mol) and the Protein Data Bank format (extension: .pdb). Most molecule viewers are capable of handling both, or even of converting a molecule between formats. It is worth noting that both formats are originally text-based files with a well-documented structure, which illustrates how open data formats are helpful to share data in the scientific world. Compressed versions may also be found, generally using standard gzip compression. | ||
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There are several good sources for molecule files on the Internet. One of the better known is the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB), at http:// | There are several good sources for molecule files on the Internet. One of the better known is the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB), at http:// | ||
- | By searching for different keywords, I was able to find a specific molecule of interest: hemoglobin (PSB code 1VWT) from human red blood cells. Each molecule is described, the team that announced it is given, as is the citation to the scientific publication it initially appeared in. A download link is also provided (to the right of the PDB code in large letters), by which we can download the corresponding file in the PDB format. | + | By searching for different keywords, I was able to find a specific molecule of interest: hemoglobin (PSB code 1VWT) from human red blood cells. Each molecule is described, the team that announced it is given, as is the citation to the scientific publication it initially appeared in. A download link is also provided (to the right of the PDB code in large letters), by which we can download the corresponding file in the PDB format.** |
- | VIEWING MOLECULES | + | Obtenir des molécules |
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+ | Actuellement, | ||
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+ | Un exemple de la molécule de glycerol (de la glycérine) dans le format Molfile peut se voir ci-dessous. | ||
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+ | NOTA : les distances entre les atomes sont totalement incorrectes - ce n'est qu'un exemple. | ||
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+ | Il y a plusieurs bonnes sources pour des fichiers de molécules sur le Net. L'une des plus connues est la Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) Protein Data Bank (PDB), à http:// | ||
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+ | En faisant des recherches avec différents mots-clés, j'ai réussi à trouver une molécule particulière intéressante : l' | ||
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+ | ===== 3 ===== | ||
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+ | **VIEWING MOLECULES | ||
There are quite a few programs available in the Ubuntu repositories to view the file we have just downloaded. One of the oldest and best known is Rasmol, that now sports a GTK interface. | There are quite a few programs available in the Ubuntu repositories to view the file we have just downloaded. One of the oldest and best known is Rasmol, that now sports a GTK interface. | ||
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When we load up a file we see it by default in stick-form representation, | When we load up a file we see it by default in stick-form representation, | ||
- | Other viewing options allow us to show atoms represented as filled spheres (Display > Ball and Stick, or Display > Spacefill), which can be useful for the smaller molecules or to see the complete volume a molecule occupies. However, for large molecules with several hundreds or thousands of carbon atoms, it may be more clear if we hide individual atoms and bonds, and instead move to a view based on strands (Display > Strands) or the cartoon view (Display > Cartoon). In this screenshot, the strands view was colored by functional units (Colours > Chain) so we can distinguish the alpha and beta chains by color. We can also activate stereoscopic vision (Options > Stereo) to see a separate view for each eye if so desired. | + | Other viewing options allow us to show atoms represented as filled spheres (Display > Ball and Stick, or Display > Spacefill), which can be useful for the smaller molecules or to see the complete volume a molecule occupies. However, for large molecules with several hundreds or thousands of carbon atoms, it may be more clear if we hide individual atoms and bonds, and instead move to a view based on strands (Display > Strands) or the cartoon view (Display > Cartoon). In this screenshot, the strands view was colored by functional units (Colours > Chain) so we can distinguish the alpha and beta chains by color. We can also activate stereoscopic vision (Options > Stereo) to see a separate view for each eye if so desired.** |
- | JMol is a more recent offering. Written in Java, it is available for different platforms such as Windows and OS-X as well as GNU/Linux, and should be readily portable to others. It has similar options to Rasmol, though the interface is different. Some tools are available to slightly edit the molecule (add or delete atoms) and to connect to other programs. However, some of these are unfortunately no longer easily available on Ubuntu, such as the Povray raytracing environment. The default representation in JMol is sufficiently clear for easy viewing of biological models, and can be rotated using the mouse as before. This is JMol’s view of the hemoglobin model from the PDB file. Two complexes that imprison iron (Fe) atoms (in yellow) are quite visible in the lower part of the foreground: | + | Visionner des molécules |
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+ | Il y a pas mal de programmes disponibles dans les dépôts Ubuntu pour visionner le fichier que nous venons de télécharger. L'un des plus anciens et des plus connus est Rasmol, qui maintenant bénéficie d'une interface GTK. | ||
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+ | La fenêtre même est très simple : vous pouvez accéder à toutes les options en utilisant la barre de menu en haut. L' | ||
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+ | Quand nous chargeons un fichier, il s' | ||
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+ | D' | ||
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+ | ===== 4 ===== | ||
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+ | **JMol is a more recent offering. Written in Java, it is available for different platforms such as Windows and OS-X as well as GNU/Linux, and should be readily portable to others. It has similar options to Rasmol, though the interface is different. Some tools are available to slightly edit the molecule (add or delete atoms) and to connect to other programs. However, some of these are unfortunately no longer easily available on Ubuntu, such as the Povray raytracing environment. The default representation in JMol is sufficiently clear for easy viewing of biological models, and can be rotated using the mouse as before. This is JMol’s view of the hemoglobin model from the PDB file. Two complexes that imprison iron (Fe) atoms (in yellow) are quite visible in the lower part of the foreground: | ||
The newer PyMOL Molecular Graphics System is one of the more recent applications available. Written in the very same Python modern interpreted language that has often been seen in the pages of Full Circle, its presentation revolves around not one but two windows. One of these is used as a combination of log viewer and general input dialog, while the other holds the molecule view proper and its associated options. | The newer PyMOL Molecular Graphics System is one of the more recent applications available. Written in the very same Python modern interpreted language that has often been seen in the pages of Full Circle, its presentation revolves around not one but two windows. One of these is used as a combination of log viewer and general input dialog, while the other holds the molecule view proper and its associated options. | ||
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PyMOL has the richest collection of options of all the applications presented here - although the interface is perhaps not very intuitive. Just to set you on course, the “A” button is to add elements to the molecule, the “S” button serves to set (activate) view options, and the “H” button to unset (hide) features. The “C” button changes between colorizing schemes. | PyMOL has the richest collection of options of all the applications presented here - although the interface is perhaps not very intuitive. Just to set you on course, the “A” button is to add elements to the molecule, the “S” button serves to set (activate) view options, and the “H” button to unset (hide) features. The “C” button changes between colorizing schemes. | ||
- | There are also more options to see molecules in several types of stereo, and some options to build videos of the molecule, that I have not played with too much. | + | There are also more options to see molecules in several types of stereo, and some options to build videos of the molecule, that I have not played with too much.** |
- | ROLL YOUR OWN | + | JMol est plus récent. Écrit en Java, il est disponible pour différentes plateformes telle que Windows et OS X ainsi que GNU/Linux et pourrait être facilement porter sur d' |
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+ | Le très nouveau PyMOL Molecular Graphics System est une des applications récentes disponibles. Écrit dans le même langage moderne interprété Python qui paraît de très nombreuses fois dans les pages du Full Circle, sa présentation implique non pas une, mais deux fenêtres. L'une est pour une visionneuse de journal avec un dialogue général de saisie, alors que l' | ||
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+ | Py MOL propose la collection d' | ||
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+ | D' | ||
+ | ===== 5 ===== | ||
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+ | **ROLL YOUR OWN | ||
Playing around with existing module files is interesting not only in themselves, but also as a way to appreciate the actual amount of useful information (accent placed on “useful”) found on the Internet. However, at some point we may wish to start drawing up our own molecules. | Playing around with existing module files is interesting not only in themselves, but also as a way to appreciate the actual amount of useful information (accent placed on “useful”) found on the Internet. However, at some point we may wish to start drawing up our own molecules. | ||
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Drawing tools in the upper toolbar allow us to place various chemical bonds at specific angles to each other, to form the carbon skeleton for our molecule. When done, a text tool can be used to add the functional groups at various places. Double and triple bonds are naturally also available. Once drawn, elements can be moved, erased, flipped horizontally and vertically, etc. | Drawing tools in the upper toolbar allow us to place various chemical bonds at specific angles to each other, to form the carbon skeleton for our molecule. When done, a text tool can be used to add the functional groups at various places. Double and triple bonds are naturally also available. Once drawn, elements can be moved, erased, flipped horizontally and vertically, etc. | ||
- | The finished molecule can be exported in various flat graphical formats such as PNG, but also in Molfile format. This can then be read in by PyMol or any of the other viewers. In PyMol, the missing hydrogen atoms can easily be added to our geometry. | + | The finished molecule can be exported in various flat graphical formats such as PNG, but also in Molfile format. This can then be read in by PyMol or any of the other viewers. In PyMol, the missing hydrogen atoms can easily be added to our geometry.** |
- | However, we can see that something weird has happened to the center carbon atom: the supplementary hydrogen needed to complete its bonds has somehow grown out at a strange angle. This is not what we expected, and may be attributed to the fact that Chemtool is basically a molecule sketching application for 2D. Its output is fine for publishing on paper, but lacks the information about depth needed to draw realistic 3D models of molecules. | + | Créer les vôtres |
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+ | Jouer avec des fichiers existants de modules est non seulement intéressant pour eux-mêmes, mais aussi pour permettre d' | ||
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+ | Pour commencer simplement, il y a la molécule de propane-1, | ||
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+ | En fait, il y a plusieurs applications dans les dépôts Ubuntu pour le dessin de représentations planaires de molécules de chimie organique et vous pouvez en trouver encore d' | ||
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+ | Dans la barre d' | ||
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+ | La molécule finie peut être exportée dans divers formats graphiques plats, comme PNG, mais aussi dans le format Molfile. Elle peut alors être affichée dans PyMol ou n' | ||
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+ | ===== 6 ===== | ||
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+ | **However, we can see that something weird has happened to the center carbon atom: the supplementary hydrogen needed to complete its bonds has somehow grown out at a strange angle. This is not what we expected, and may be attributed to the fact that Chemtool is basically a molecule sketching application for 2D. Its output is fine for publishing on paper, but lacks the information about depth needed to draw realistic 3D models of molecules. | ||
This is where another program, Avogadro, comes in handy. This is more of a molecule builder than just a sketching tool. In much the same way as Chemtool, Avogadro comes with an interface that allows us to build up the carbon skeleton of our molecule, and then add oxygen atoms where needed to form the additional functional groups. In this case, however, additional hydrogen atoms are adjusted dynamically during construction, | This is where another program, Avogadro, comes in handy. This is more of a molecule builder than just a sketching tool. In much the same way as Chemtool, Avogadro comes with an interface that allows us to build up the carbon skeleton of our molecule, and then add oxygen atoms where needed to form the additional functional groups. In this case, however, additional hydrogen atoms are adjusted dynamically during construction, | ||
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The end result is much more satisfactory, | The end result is much more satisfactory, | ||
- | The software reviewed in this article is from the apt packages named: rasmol, jmol, pymol, chemtool and avogadro. They can easily be found and added to an existing *buntu installation using the usual tools, such as apt-get, synaptic, Ubuntu Software Center, etc. | + | The software reviewed in this article is from the apt packages named: rasmol, jmol, pymol, chemtool and avogadro. They can easily be found and added to an existing *buntu installation using the usual tools, such as apt-get, synaptic, Ubuntu Software Center, etc. ** |
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+ | Cependant, nous constatons que quelque chose de bizarre est arrivé à l' | ||
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+ | Et c'est ici qu'un autre programme, Avogadro, devient utile. C'est davantage un constructeur de molécule qu'un outil de dessin tout simple. D'une façon similaire à Chemtool, Avogadro a une interface qui nous permet de construire le squelette carbone de la molécule, puis de rajouter des atomes d' | ||
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+ | Une fois la molécule construite, nous pouvons choisir Extensions > Optimize Geometry et le programme calculera les positions les plus réalistes pour les atomes (« réalistes » dans le sens des positions où l' | ||
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+ | Le résultat final est beaucoup plus satisfaisant, | ||
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+ | Les logiciels dont j'ai parlé dans cet article viennent des paquets apt rasmol, jmol, pymol, chemtool et avogadro. Vous pouvez les trouver et les installer facilement sur votre ordinateur sous *buntu, en vous servant des outils habituels, comme apt-get, synaptic, la Logithèque, | ||
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issue95/mon_histoire.1428422307.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2015/04/07 17:58 de auntiee