Ceci est une ancienne révision du document !
Most Windows applications will have an Uninstall option that can be seen either in the appropriate menu on the Start button, or it’ll be listed in the Add/Remove Programs function. The latter is started from the Control Panel:
La plupart des applications Windows ont une option « Désinstaller » visible soit dans le menu approprié du bouton « Démarrer », soit dans une liste de la fonction « Ajout/Suppression de programmes ». Cette dernière fonction se trouve dans la Panneau de configuration.
You are then presented with a list of all applications installed in Windows.
Une liste des programmes installés dans Windows est alors présentée.
As you can see from the screenshot, you can uninstall and add new programs, and even Windows components. Obviously care should be taken when uninstalling Windows components.
Comme vous pouvez le voir sur la capture d'écran, vous pouvez désinstaller des programmes, ou en installer de nouveaux, ainsi que des composants de Windows. La désinstallation de composants Windows se fera bien sûr avec la prudence requise.
Adding/Removing Software
Ajout/Suppression de programmes
Kubuntu
Kubuntu
Adding/removing software in Kubuntu is done using an application called Muon Software Centre. This is located in K > Applications > System.
Ajouter/Supprimer des programmes sous Kubuntu se fait via la « Logithèque Muon » qui se trouve dans le menu K > Applications > Système.
It’s far from elegant, but it does the job of listing applications you can get, or have (left panel), and categorizing software you can get (right panel). You can, if you wish, search for applications by entering some text in the search box at the top right of the window.
Bien que peu élégante, elle fait son boulot, c'est-à-dire lister les programmes que pouvez obtenir ou avez installés (panneau de gauche), et voir, triés par catégories, les logiciels que pouvez obtenir (panneau de droite). Si vous le souhaitez, vous pouvez chercher des programmes en entrant du texte dans la zone de recherche en haut à droite de la fenêtre.
Clicking the application name, then the ‘info’ button will show you more detailed information about the application such as a description, add-ons, and even user reviews. Clicking the install/remove button at the top of the info screen will do the relevant action.
Un clic sur le nom du programme révèlera le bouton « Plus d'informations », grâce auquel vous obtiendrez des infos sur le programme, comme sa description, ses extensions, et même des critiques d'utilisateurs. En cliquant sur le bouton « Installer/Supprimer » en haut de l'écran d'informations, vous lancerez l'action appropriée.
Another way of adding/removing software is via the Muon Package Manager. It’s also in K > Applications > System, and is more like the old Ubuntu Package Manager. This Muon Package Manager is for fine tuning of files such as libraries, broken files, and such like.
Autre méthode pour ajouter/supprimer des programmes : le gestionnaire de paquetages Muon, disponible également dans le menu K > Applications > Système. Assez semblable au vieux gestionnaire de paquets Ubuntu, il sert aux réglages plus fins : bibliothèques, fichiers cassés, etc.
Gnome-Shell
Gnome-Shell
As was so nicely put in the previous section, the Gnome version of Ubuntu has the old Ubuntu Package manager called Synaptic. Synaptic is a one-stop place for installing and uninstalling software, adding/removing repositories (handled in the next section), and fixing broken packages.
Comme fort bien indiqué dans la section précédente, la version GNOME d'Ubuntu utilise le vieux gestionnaire de paquets Synaptic. Avec Synaptic, vous pourrez à la fois installer/désinstaller des logiciels, ajouter/enlever des dépôts (voir la section suivante) et réparer les paquets cassés.
It works pretty much the same as Muon, although I always find one difference very striking: in Muon you can choose your desired software, and prepare it for installing, and then type in your password; in Synaptic, the first thing you do is type your password - otherwise the program won’t even start.
Cela marche globalement comme avec Muon, malgré une différence qui est, selon moi, de taille : avec Muon, vous pouvez choisir un logiciel, préparer son installation et ensuite taper votre mot de passe ; avec Synaptic, vous devez taper votre mot de passe avant de pouvoir faire quoi que ce soit.
In the button-bar, you find a small Quick-filter field. As soon as you start typing, the filter starts working, and shows only those packages which comply with your filter. When clicking a package, in the bottom part of the screen you can find a description of it.
Dans la barre de boutons se trouve un champ de filtrage rapide. Dès que vous commencez à taper votre requête, le filtrage démarre et ne montre que les réponses compatibles avec votre filtre. En cliquant sur un paquet, vous affichez sa description en bas de l'écran.
When you want to install a package you simply click the small box in front of the package name, and select Mark for installation. In the menu bar you find the Apply option - which will start the installation process. Should any dependency have to be installed as well, the program will tell you now.
Pour installer un paquet, cliquez simplement sur la petite case en face de son nom, et choisissez « Sélectionner pour installation ». Dans la barre de menu, vous trouverez l'option « Appliquer », laquelle démarrera l'installation. Si des dépendances sont requises, le programme vous en préviendra à ce moment-là.
After installation, the little box in front of the package name is colored green to indicate this package is installed. To find the meaning of the different colors, choose Help menu > Icon legend to get the full list:
Après l'installation, la petite case en face du nom du paquet devient verte, indiquant que le programme est installé. Pour connaître la signification des différentes couleurs, allez dans le menu Aide > Légende des icônes pour en avoir la liste complète.
The menu Edit holds the Fix broken packages option. Broken packages make it impossible to install anything, so you need to fix them first.
Le menu Édition inclut l'option « Réparer les paquets cassés » : quand des paquets sont cassés, il est impossible d'installer quoi que ce soit. Il faut donc les réparer en premier lieu.
Another option is Repository, but this will be described in the next section of this issue.
Autre option : « Dépôts ». Nous la traiterons dans la section suivante.
XFCE
XFCE
In Xubuntu, just like Ubuntu, you will use the Ubuntu Software Center to add and remove software.
Comme Ubuntu, Xubuntu utilise la logithèque Ubuntu pour installer/supprimer des programmes.
The Ubuntu Software Center is launched simply via Mouse menu > Ubuntu Software Center
La logithèque se trouve facilement : menu Souris > Logithèque Ubuntu.
The Ubuntu Software Center features thousands of applications from the Ubuntu repositories and beyond, including featured free and paid applications, and content including books and magazines.
La logithèque Ubuntu comporte des milliers de logiciels en provenance des dépôts Ubuntu, mais aussi des applications gratuites ou payantes, ainsi que des contenus sous forme de livres ou magazines.
When you click on a piece of software or content in the Ubuntu Software Center, you will be presented with a page of information with a description, and possibly add-ons, a screenshot, what people have “also installed,” and user reviews. There will also be an Install button on the right which will allow you to easily install the software.
Un clic sur un logiciel de la Logithèque vous proposera une page d'informations avec la description, et éventuellement des extensions, une capture d'écran, ce que les utilisateurs ont « également installé », et leurs avis. Sur la droite, vous trouverez aussi un bouton « Installer », afin d'installer aisément le programme.
See the Unity section for more about the Ubuntu Software Center.
Pour en savoir plus sur la Logithèque, consultez la section sur Unity.
LXDE
LXDE
As with the other “*buntu’s” described above, LXDE also uses the Synaptic Package Manager as the default software management application. You open it by clicking on the Main Menu icon and selecting System > Synaptic Package Manager.
Comme pour les autres membres de la famille Ubuntu décrits ci-dessus, LXDE utilise le gestionnaire de paquetages Synaptic par défaut. On y accède en cliquant sur l'icône du menu principal, puis Système > Gestionnaire de paquetages Synaptic.
You will immediately be prompted to enter your “root” (administrator) password; Synaptic won’t open without it. Once you’ve entered your “root” password, Synaptic will open.
Le mot de passe « root » (administrateur) vous sera demandé ; tant que vous ne l'aurez pas entré, Synaptic refusera de s'ouvrir.
The previous screenshot shows an application selected; the pop-up menu displays the options which, in this case, is only to “Mark for Installation”. If this application was already installed, then the other (greyed out) options would be available for selection. Also, once you have selected an application (as indicated by the “blue highlight” - part of the default Theme in LXDE), you not only get a description of the program in the lower pane (the pane below the list of available applications), but the “Properties” icon in the toolbar activates. Clicking the “Properties” icon opens a window with more information about the selected program.
La capture d'écran précédente montre une application sélectionnée ; le menu contextuel affiche les options qui, dans ce cas, se limitent à « Sélectionner pour installation ». Si cette application était déjà installée, alors, les autres options (grisées) seraient disponibles. Ainsi, une fois que vous avez sélectionné une application (comme indiqué par le surlignage bleu, inclus dans le thème par défaut de LXDE), non seulement vous obtiendrez une description du programme dans le volet du bas (le volet en dessous de la liste des programmes disponibles), mais vous ferez également apparaître l'icône « Propriétés » dans la barre d'outils. En cliquant sur cette icône « Propriétés », vous ferez apparaître une fenêtre contenant plus d'informations sur le programme sélectionné.
As you can see, each of the five tabs provides more detailed information than what is available from the main Synaptic window, including all program dependencies. It is very handy to know, prior to beginning the install process, what other software dependencies must be met in order for the selected program to work on your system. You would, in fact, be able to review this list prior to committing the install, as Synaptic identifies and displays and marks all required dependencies prior to starting the actual software installation; however, it is sometimes handy to review these requirements without actually initiating the install process.
Comme vous pouvez le voir, chacun des cinq onglets fournit des informations plus détaillées que celles données dans la fenêtre principale de Synaptic, notamment les dépendances. Il est très pratique de savoir, avant même de démarrer l'installation, quelles dépendances logicielles doivent être satisfaites afin que le logiciel fonctionne sur votre système. En fait, vous pourriez parcourir cette liste avant l'installation, car Synaptic identifie, affiche et sélectionne toutes les dépendances avant l'installation proprement dite. Cependant, il est parfois pratique d'en prendre connaissance sans lancer le processus d’installation.
Again, I must emphasize that the primary goal of LXDE is to provide a “lean” distribution with minimal resource requirements, and this drives the development of everything in this “distro” right down to the default installed software applications. That said, and as mentioned in previous installments of this series, while you’re in Synaptic, you can search for and install other programs to your liking. If your computer resources will accommodate more resource-hungry programs, then you can certainly choose to install them. For example, if you would like to use the “Ubuntu Software Center” application that is discussed above for XFCE, simply search for “Software Center” in Synaptic, and it will find the “Ubuntu Software Center. As described above, mark it for installation and use it alongside or instead of Synaptic. This is one of the great strengths and pleasures of open source software: having the freedom to explore and use software not only for free (no cost), but freely (no compromising licenses). And applications like Synaptic, the Ubuntu Software Center, and others, make exploring new applications fun and easy.
Une fois de plus, il me faut souligner le but premier de LXDE : fournir une distribution « maigre », peu gourmande en ressources, ce qui explique le choix délibéré de logiciels par défaut. Ceci dit, comme indiqué dans les parties précédentes de cette série d'articles, avec Synaptic, vous pouvez choisir d'autres programmes plus à votre convenance. Si votre machine peut faire tourner des programmes plus gourmands, vous pourrez certainement les installer. Par exemple, si vous avez envie d'utiliser la « Logithèque Ubuntu » dont nous avons parlé dans la section XFCE, cherchez-la dans Synaptic, et elle vous sera proposée à l'installation. Vous pourez ainsi l'utiliser à la place ou en complément de Synaptic. C'est l'une des grandes forces (et l'un des grands plaisirs) du logiciel open source : être libre d'explorer des logiciels à la fois gratuits et libres (sans licence compromettante). Et des logiciels comme Synaptic ou la Logithèque Ubuntu (entre autres), rendent cette exploration facile et agréable.
Unity
Unity
In Unity, just like Xfce/Xubuntu, you will use the Ubuntu Software Center application to add/remove software. The Ubuntu Software Center is an excellent application that has been in development for a long time now, and the developers have continuously made it better with each release. Ok, you want to install some software? Let’s do it. First open the Ubuntu Software Center by clicking on the the button in your launcher on the right-hand-side of the screen that looks like an orange shopping bag with bubbles coming out of it. This will open a window that will show you a list of some of the more popular titles, and a picture of them at the top. Below that you will see a list of some of the newer software added to the Software Center. Let’s say you want to install “Lord of Ultima”. You will need to search and find the application. You have several options to do this. First you can type in ‘Lords of Ultima’ in the search bar in the upper right-hand corner of the window. Another way to do this is to click on the ‘Games’ label on the left-hand side. Once you find the application you want to install, select it and click on the ‘More Info’ button. Doing this will show you the overview page of the application. You will see a short description of the application, how much the application costs, and a button on the right-hand side that will either say ‘Install’ or ‘Buy’. Don’t get frightened, most applications are free, but some do cost a little bit of cash. The game we are installing in this example, “Lords of Ultima”, has a ‘Buy’ button, but it is still free. If you look to the left of the ‘Buy’ button, you will notice that the cost of this application is ‘US $0.00’. So click ‘Buy/Install’, type in your password when prompted, and watch your application being installed. Once the Ubuntu Software Center shows the application as being installed you will be able to find it in the Dash.
Now, you may be saying, “How do I remove an application?”. Well if you are asking yourself that, no worries, I’ll explain. The Ubuntu Software Center has made things pretty easy for you as far as uninstalling applications go. To get a list of all the applications installed on your system click the button near the top center of the Ubuntu Software Center labelled ‘Installed’. Doing this will show a list of all the software you have installed. It gives you this list broken down into sections. (i.e., Accessories, Games, Internet, etc.) So, let’s uninstall ‘Lords of Ultima’. Since you should have the list in front of you now, click on the arrow next to ‘Games’ to expand it. Scroll down until you find ‘Lords of Ultima,’ and select it. You will see two buttons when you highlight the installed application, ‘More Info’ and ‘Remove’. If all you want to do is uninstall the application, then click on the ‘Remove’ button. You will be prompted to type in your password; do that. Once you have typed in your password, and hit the ‘Enter’ button, the Ubuntu Software Center does the rest. Before you know it, the application has been removed, and you will be able to go on to the next application you want to remove.
The thing I have noticed with the Ubuntu Software Center is that it is set up to be pretty much ‘fool proof’. So don’t be afraid to mess around with it. If you try to uninstall an important application, then the Ubuntu Software Center will let you know about it. If you try to install an application that will cause a conflict with other applications, again you will be told about it and given the option to cancel the install. My best advice is to just ‘play’ with it. Get to know the application, and don’t be afraid to try different things with it. You will notice there is a ‘History’ button; it will show you all applications that have been installed or removed. Also there is an ‘All Software’ button that will show you all the software available. Beside those buttons are small triangles, if clicked you will see a small drop down menu allowing you to better refine what you are searching for. Just remember, you can always remove an application if you decide that you don’t like it, so why not try out any application that sounds like it might be interesting to you.
Adding/Removing Repositories
The one thing that Windows lacks, which we have in Linux, is repositories. Think of repositories as being libraries that you can borrow books from. If a new library opens up in your neighborhood you can go and browse the books they have, and they might have something the other library didn’t have. It’s the same with repositories. On installing your chosen *buntu, you’ll get access to the Ubuntu repositories, but you can (if you wish) add repositories from other folks which will grant you access to newer versions of software, or software that isn’t in the Ubuntu repos.
Kubuntu
Both the Muon Software Centre and Muon Package Manager let you view, add, and remove repositories - by going to the menu and clicking Settings > Configure Software Sources.
Before you are even allowed to see the software sources, you’ll need to enter your admin password.
From here, you can add a repo, edit a current repo, or remove a current repo. Clicking ‘Add’ will present you with a window where you paste in the repo as given by the software supplier. So, for example, if I were to add the Wine repo, as given on their site at: http://www.winehq.org/download/ubuntu I’d click ‘Add,’ and then paste in:
ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
NOTE: the old format for repos (for example: deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/ubuntu-wine/ppa/ubuntu precise main) is still valid.
Then follow the prompts to allow the Software Centre (or Package Manager) to grab the contents of the new repo, and reload its list of available applications.
Gnome-Shell
Synaptic also makes use of repositories as described above. Click Settings > Repositories to see which ones are installed already and what can be done with them.
The first tab shows you which main parts are enabled and which server you normally use when using Synaptic.
The second Tab, Other Software, shows you which repositories are enabled to install from. Here you can add new repos manually. Look at the example in the Kubuntu section; in Synaptic it works just the same.
The Updates tab shows you how the program will handle updates of installed packages. When you want to keep your OS in shape then be careful which update sections you enable. Proposed and Backports might have versions of software that are not fully tested and safe, which might endanger your installation.
To make sure you install only from safe sources, many repo’s come with an authentication key which goes in here. When adding a new repo using the ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa line, the key will automatically be added.
In Statistics, you can enable a tickbox to upload info about your system.
After adding a new repo, or removing one, make sure to use the Reload button in the main screen to synchronize the list of packages with the latest list of repos.
XFCE
Since Xubuntu uses the Ubuntu Software Center, you add additional repositories by going to Edit > Software Sources… in the Ubuntu Software Center.
This will open up a window with a series of tabs for different software repository types that are available. There are many repositories already available to select and deselect, and you can also add your own repositories.
See the Unity section for more about handling software repositories.
LXDE
Thanks to Jan Mussche for the excellent description of managing repositories in the section above on Gnome-Shell; the same procedures apply to LXDE, so they do not bear repeating. This is a great opportunity to emphasize something you have already learned from this series (Closing Windows): knowledge and experience gained in one Linux distribution (distro) can go a long way to familiarizing you with other distros. We’ve all read from detractors [of Linux and open source] that “there are too many Linuxes; all this choice is too confusing - users don’t know which one to use.” That’s like saying you have too much freedom or too many flavors of ice cream! But, to concretely address this accusation, I must point out that if you are inclined to explore/test different distros, much with what you’ve become familiar in one distro will translate robustly to others. As a contributing author to this series, I am struck by the richness this kind of knowledge and experience brings to the user, and the world of options and opportunities it yields compared with other technology “monocultures.” So, do be encouraged to explore and learn, and use this series as a great starting point for your journey!
Unity
With Unity using the Ubuntu Software Center just like Xubuntu/Xfce, you can refer to the Xfce section to see how easy it is to add extra repositories. The instructions in that section are exactly the same in Unity.