issue213:tutoriel
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Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
| Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
| issue213:tutoriel [2025/02/01 19:12] – d52fr | issue213:tutoriel [2025/02/03 19:17] (Version actuelle) – andre_domenech | ||
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| + | **I recently read a book called Linux Unveiled, that unveiled only that the author, ‘Half-job Hussain’, had no idea how to show newbies around. I did like some of the book somewhat (very little), so I’ll be stealing some of that to do a proper job for our FCM newbies (no, I will not be using anything from that horrible book). I’ll try to take a more hands-on approach, so I would ask you to keep your terminal emulators open and follow along, just to get the muscle-memory going. Now obviously I cannot cover a whole book’s worth of stuff on here, but I’m thinking CPU, memory, and disk here. This can then tie into some of the LPI stuff we are covering elsewhere. That means there will be homework, but I’ll keep it short. | ||
| - | Note: This is the first of a series of articles intended solely for individuals who, while having no experience in using Linux, are interested in the operating system and, more particularly, are looking to Linux as an alternative when Windows 10 reaches end of life in 2025. | + | Say you logged on to a friend’s computer and the prompt did not display |
| + | J’ai récemment lu un livre intitulé Linux Unveiled (Linux dévoilé), qui révélait seulement que l’auteur, « Half-job Hussain », n’avait aucune idée de comment montrer les choses aux débutants. J’ai un peu aimé certaines parties du livre (très peu), donc je vais en voler une partie pour faire un travail correct pour nos débutants FCM (non, je n’utiliserai rien de cet horrible livre). Je vais essayer d’adopter une approche plus pratique, donc je vous demanderais de garder vos émulateurs de terminaux ouverts et de suivre, juste pour faire travailler la mémoire musculaire. Maintenant, évidemment, | ||
| - | Windows 10 will reach end of life (EOL) on October 14, 2025. Many existing users of Windows 10 will know that there is no upgrade path to Windows 11 for their specific computer due to some stringent hardware requirements that are being imposed by Microsoft. For example, some reputable sources suggest that machines must be less than four years old in order to be upgraded! For most machines, an Intel 8th-generation Core, an AMD Ryzen 2000 series, or better chip, is required as the central processing unit (CPU). Additionally, a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) must be installed and enabled. If you are not sure if your computer can run Windows 11, use Microsoft’s PC Health Check (https:// | + | Supposons que vous vous êtes connecté à l’ordinateur d’un ami et que l’invite n’affiche pas le nom de l’ordinateur, vous pouvez utiliser la commande hostname pour obtenir cette information, n’est-ce pas ? Mais comment obtenir plus d’informations, comme la page « à propos » de Gnome, mais à partir de la ligne de commande ? Oui, les plus fûtés d’entre vous l’ont immédiatement compris, hostnamectl. L’avantage de hostnamectl, c’est que vous pouvez immédiatement voir si vous êtes dans une machine virtuelle ou non (Chassis). |
| - | So, now you should know if your specific computer can or cannot run Windows 11. At the time of writing, there is no indication that Microsoft is going to relax the hardware requirements noted above. So, if your computer will not run Windows 11, the question becomes what are you going to do as of October 14th next year? | ||
| - | Firstly, do not panic. You have almost a whole year to get ready for the end-of-life of Windows 10. You can continue to use Windows 10 for the remaining months as you have in the past. Your computer will run as normal. System patches will continue to be supplied | + | **You could see “desktop” or “laptop” on your machine instead, and if yours did say either, you would not see “Virtualization”. |
| - | However, what you do need to do is think ahead. When Windows 10 reaches EOL, there will be no further security patches and machines still running this operating system may be vulnerable to attack, particularly | + | Now, if I needed more information on my OS, I could try cat / |
| - | So, what are the options? Clearly, continuing to run Windows 10, with no further security patches, is highly undesirable since most of us rely heavily on having stable and secure Internet access on a daily basis. A second option may be to purchase extended support for Windows 10 from Microsoft. It’s believed that the cost for this is going to be $30.00 for a single computer but this will be for only a one year period. This option is therefore of limited value as the purchaser will be back to an EOL situation in October, 2026. A more expensive, but more permanent solution, would be to purchase a new computer that will have Windows 11 installed. However, the most attractive option may well be to switch to using Linux as the main operating system, perhaps retaining the use of Windows in off-line mode in order to run specific applications that either won’t run under Linux or for which there is no satisfactory native Linux equivalent. | + | Vous pourriez voir « desktop » ou « laptop » sur votre machine à la place, et si la vôtre indiquait l’un ou l’autre, vous ne verriez pas « Virtualization ». Nous pouvons voir le nom du système d’exploitation, dans mon cas Ubuntu 24.04, même s’il s’agit de Lubuntu et de ma version du noyau. Si je voulais plus d’informations sur le noyau, j’utiliserais : uname -a et j’en aurais un peu plus, mais pas trop. Si je voulais vraiment plus d’informations sur mon processeur, j’utiliserais cat / |
| - | The latter option might well be attractive to many users who are (a) reluctant to abandon perfectly good hardware, or (b) unwilling or unable to bear the expense or purchasing | + | Maintenant, si j' |
| - | Specifically, | ||
| - | This will give us the confidence | + | **Most of you know: df -h |
| - | We will go through the process of thoroughly trying out Linux in manageable steps. After all, we have a whole year to see if Linux can be a viable replacement, or at least a useful partner, for our Windows 10 system. So, let’s get started. | + | Before I move on, let’s quickly look at what we covered in that short piece: |
| + | • hostname, hostnamectl, uname, lscpu, lshw, lspci, lsusb, df, free, uptime, htop, lolcat | ||
| + | • 12 commands in 5 minutes; you are on a roll my friend!** | ||
| - | Firstly, we need a USB drive, with a capacity of 4 GB or more, which we can use to create a bootable disk. The disk should be empty, or at least not contain any files that are needed, since the process of creating the boot drive will overwrite any existing files. Now, go to the Linux Mint 22 " | + | La plupart d' |
| - | We can use Balena Etcher as a really simple way to create the bootable disk (see Etching a Bootable USB Drive: https:// | + | Avant de continuer, regardons rapidement ce que nous avons couvert dans ce court article |
| + | ••hostname, | ||
| + | ••12 commandes en 5 minutes ; tu es sur la bonne voie mon ami ! | ||
| - | The downloaded file, balenaEtcher-1.19.21.Setup.exe, | ||
| - | We can now reboot | + | **One way of finding out what you are dealing with, when troubleshooting, |
| - | A boot menu (GNU GRUB version 2.12) will be displayed. The first menu item, ‘*Start Linux Mint 22 Cinnamon 64-bit (compatibility mode)’ | + | You should know that dmesg is not the only way to see what is/has happened during your boot. You could also look at the boot log: tail / |
| - | Be patient as the boot process may take a little time. Note that we are booting directly from the USB drive which is relatively slow. The process will involve black screens and the occasional green-and-white Linux Mint (lm) logo, but the Linux desktop will eventually load - in all its splendour! | + | Une façon de savoir à quoi vous avez affaire, lors du dépannage, est le fichier journal, ou devrais-je dire les journaux, car il y en a pas mal. Le principal que j' |
| - | A notification window popped up briefly as the desktop loaded. If you missed it, the text indicated that “Wi-Fi networks are available”. As a first step in making use of our Linux desktop, we can make the Wi-Fi connection and try out the Firefox web browser that is bundled with Linux Mint. | + | Vous devez savoir que dmesg n'est pas le seul moyen de voir ce qui se passe/ |
| - | The lower portion of the Linux desktop is called the panel, and is equivalent to the Windows’ taskbar. At the right end of the panel there is a group of icons of which the fourth icon from the right (Figure 2) is for networking. Left-click on this icon to bring up a list of available network connections. Select the name of your home Wi-Fi network. | ||
| - | In the subsequent pop-up dialogue box, enter the password for your Wi-Fi system and press Connect. Now click on the orange Firefox icon in the group of icons at the left end of the panel (Figure 3). When Firefox loads, type opcug.ca in the address bar. You are now browsing the Internet using Linux! | + | **Your homework, erm, mission – should you choose to accept it – is: |
| + | 1. To look inside | ||
| + | 2. To type sudo dmesg and type the password wrong three times. I then want you to go and look at / | ||
| - | Feel free to try any of the other applications | + | Now that you have wet your footsies in logfiles, remember to actually go here (/var/log) and have a look here, next time you get an error on the command line. |
| - | Bottom Line | + | We covered the ‘where’ “where am I”, and the ‘how’ “how do I check for errors”. ‘When’ you are is not important, but if you really have to know, type: date ;) |
| - | • Linux Mint (Open source) | + | As always, should you find an error, or think I helped you in a wrong direction, please let us know on: misc@fullcirclemagazine.org** |
| - | • Version 22 (Wilma) | + | |
| - | • Clément Lefèbvre | + | |
| - | • https://linuxmint.com | + | |
| + | Votre devoir, euh, mission - si vous choisissez de l' | ||
| + | 1. Regarder à l' | ||
| + | 2. Tapez sudo dmesg et tapez trois fois le mauvais mot de passe. Je veux ensuite que vous alliez voir / | ||
| + | Maintenant que vous avez fait vos premiers pas dans les fichiers journaux, n' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nous avons abordé le « où » « où suis-je » et le « comment » « comment puis-je vérifier les erreurs ». Le « quand » vous êtes n'est pas important, mais si vous devez vraiment le savoir, tapez : date ;) | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comme toujours, si vous trouvez une erreur ou pensez que je vous ai aidé dans la mauvaise direction, veuillez nous le faire savoir à : misc@fullcirclemagazine.org | ||
issue213/tutoriel.1738433576.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2025/02/01 19:12 de d52fr