issue145:certifie_linux
Différences
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Prochaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
issue145:certifie_linux [2019/06/01 15:05] – créée auntiee | issue145:certifie_linux [2019/06/06 14:20] (Version actuelle) – d52fr | ||
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- | Look at you! Back for more! I am glad you decided to look into getting Linux certified. I have a motto. Linux is not difficult – and I will show you why. So, without further ado, let’s dive into Capacity Planning (Topic 200). The very first part is system availability. | + | **Look at you! Back for more! I am glad you decided to look into getting Linux certified. I have a motto. Linux is not difficult – and I will show you why. So, without further ado, let’s dive into Capacity Planning (Topic 200). The very first part is system availability. |
Now you may ask, “what is system availability? | Now you may ask, “what is system availability? | ||
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08:11:44 up 11:41, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.13, 0.16 | 08:11:44 up 11:41, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.13, 0.16 | ||
- | The LPI wants you to understand what you are looking at. (Feel free to look in the man page quickly). | + | The LPI wants you to understand what you are looking at. (Feel free to look in the man page quickly).** |
- | Linux is not difficult – let us break it down: | + | Tiens, c'est vous ! Vous en redemandez ! Je suis content que vous ayez décidé d' |
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+ | Bon, vous vous demandez peut-être : « qu' | ||
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+ | La commande ciblée d' | ||
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+ | 08:11:44 up 11:41, 1 user, load average: 0.08, 0.13, 0.16 | ||
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+ | Le LPI (le Linux Professional Institute) veut que vous compreniez ce que vous voyez. (N' | ||
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+ | **Linux is not difficult – let us break it down: | ||
The first part, up to the comma: “08:11:44 up 11:41” - indicates the current time and that the system has been up for 11 hours and 41 minutes. (To verify this, enter the “date” command). | The first part, up to the comma: “08:11:44 up 11:41” - indicates the current time and that the system has been up for 11 hours and 41 minutes. (To verify this, enter the “date” command). | ||
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How simple was that? | How simple was that? | ||
- | Let us look at memory. (Measuring and troubleshooting resource usage). | + | Let us look at memory. (Measuring and troubleshooting resource usage).** |
- | If you ever used DOS, you will know the “free” command. In Linux, it is basically the same, just more verbose. Please run it in your terminal now. Your output should look something like that shown above. | + | Linux n'est pas difficile - analysons le résultat : |
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+ | La première partie, jusqu' | ||
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+ | La seconde partie, jusqu' | ||
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+ | La troisième partie, « load average: 0.08, 0.13, 0.16 » fait ce qu'il dit faire, indiquer la charge moyenne. Le hic, c'est les temps : la charge moyenne au cours des 1, 5 et 15 dernières minutes. (Pourquoi quinze minutes ?) | ||
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+ | C' | ||
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+ | Regardons la mémoire. (Mesurer et résoudre l' | ||
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+ | **If you ever used DOS, you will know the “free” command. In Linux, it is basically the same, just more verbose. Please run it in your terminal now. Your output should look something like that shown above. | ||
If you have not done so yet, look at free in the man page. | If you have not done so yet, look at free in the man page. | ||
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The columns tell us exactly what they are: | The columns tell us exactly what they are: | ||
- | On some older systems you may see buff/cache split into their own columns. Since Linux is very efficient at managing memory, it will cache things to make your system faster, or buffer for future reads. | + | On some older systems you may see buff/cache split into their own columns. Since Linux is very efficient at managing memory, it will cache things to make your system faster, or buffer for future reads. |
- | You may see in the “swap” row that the “used” column is 0. This is because swap does not get used until your memory starts getting full. (Yours may have a value). Swap is like the windows page file. | + | Si vous avez déjà utilisé DOS, vous connaîtrez la commande « free ». Sous Linux, c'est essentiellement la même chose, sauf que le résultat est plus verbeux. Veuillez la lancer dans votre terminal maintenant. La sortie devrait ressembler à ce qui est montré ci-dessus. |
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+ | Si vous ne l'avez pas encore fait, regardez la page man de free. | ||
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+ | Linux n'est pas difficile ; analysons le résultat. | ||
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+ | Les deux lignes, « mem » et « swap » se réfèrent à la RAM (« mem ») et à l' | ||
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+ | Les colonnes indiquent ce qu' | ||
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+ | Sur certains systèmes vieillissants vous pouvez voir buff/cache dans leurs propres colonnes. puisque Linux gère la mémoire très efficacement, | ||
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+ | **You may see in the “swap” row that the “used” column is 0. This is because swap does not get used until your memory starts getting full. (Yours may have a value). Swap is like the windows page file. | ||
Now on your desktop you have a task manager or system manager that will display your memory for you, but when you SSH into a server, this is not available. So, you might want to get an update at regular intervals. How would you do that? With the -s option! For example, we want an update every three seconds. We would use: “free -s 3” and, as with most Linux commands, you can stack options or switches, so you could use “free -h -s 3” and Linux would be happy with that. Try it now. Open a web page and browse in the background and see how free changes in your terminal. | Now on your desktop you have a task manager or system manager that will display your memory for you, but when you SSH into a server, this is not available. So, you might want to get an update at regular intervals. How would you do that? With the -s option! For example, we want an update every three seconds. We would use: “free -s 3” and, as with most Linux commands, you can stack options or switches, so you could use “free -h -s 3” and Linux would be happy with that. Try it now. Open a web page and browse in the background and see how free changes in your terminal. | ||
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Your output may look like that shown top right. | Your output may look like that shown top right. | ||
- | Linux is not difficult – let us break it down: | + | Vous pouvez voir dans la ligne « swap » que la colonne « used » (utilisé) est 0. C'est dû au fait que le swap n'est utilisé que quand votre mémoire commence à être remplie. (La vôtre peut contenir un chiffre.) Swap est comme le fichier page de Windows. |
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+ | Sur votre bureau, il y a un gestionnaire de tâches ou un gestionnaire du système qui affichera votre mémoire, mais quand vous accédez à un serveur par SSH, cela n'est pas disponible. Aussi, vous voudriez peut-être avoir une mise à jour régulière. Comment feriez-vous cela ? Avec l' | ||
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+ | C' | ||
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+ | On sait que, sous Linux, il y a plusieurs façons de plumer un canard. Free n'est pas la seule commande que vous pouvez utiliser et le livre veut qu'on en connaisse une autre, « vmstat ». Comme toujours, ouvrez-la dans votre page man et jetez-y un coup d' | ||
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+ | Votre résultat ressemble peut-être à ce qui est montré en haut à droite. | ||
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+ | **Linux is not difficult – let us break it down: | ||
The very first line sorts your columns into groups, and it is immediately evident that vmstat is a lot more talkative than free. The first part is self-explanatory, | The very first line sorts your columns into groups, and it is immediately evident that vmstat is a lot more talkative than free. The first part is self-explanatory, | ||
- | Like free, you can get updates at regular intervals. However, you do not use -s, you can simply type “vmstat 3”. Did you look at the man page yet? The first option is “-a” - display active and inactive memory. It will replace “buff” and “cache” and give you even more insight into your memory usage. Should you want a vertical output with even more stats, you can use the -s option. Type vmstat -s into your terminal and peruse the output. | + | Like free, you can get updates at regular intervals. However, you do not use -s, you can simply type “vmstat 3”. Did you look at the man page yet? The first option is “-a” - display active and inactive memory. It will replace “buff” and “cache” and give you even more insight into your memory usage. Should you want a vertical output with even more stats, you can use the -s option. Type vmstat -s into your terminal and peruse the output.** |
- | “Old skool” admins won’t be trusting some new-fangled dashboard (get off my lawn!!), you can actually attach a timestamp to your readings and use awk to cut it up the way you want it. “How does one attach a timestamp? | + | Linux n'est pas difficile ; analysons le résultat : |
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+ | La toute première ligne arrange vos colonnes dans des groupes et vous voyez tout de suite que vmstat est beaucoup plus bavard que free. La première partie est explicite, mais, sous swap, il y a « si » et « so ». C'est un jeu d' | ||
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+ | Comme pour free, vous pouvez avoir des mises à jour à des intervalles réguliers. Toutefois, vous n' | ||
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+ | **“Old skool” admins won’t be trusting some new-fangled dashboard (get off my lawn!!), you can actually attach a timestamp to your readings and use awk to cut it up the way you want it. “How does one attach a timestamp? | ||
If you have learned something new, great! If you already knew all this, good, you are prepped for your LPI exam. | If you have learned something new, great! If you already knew all this, good, you are prepped for your LPI exam. | ||
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Speaking of exams, let us find a question on the internet. I Googled - “201-400-demo.pdf”. Here is an example question, don’t learn these parrot fashion, as they are probably not real exam questions, only fashioned in the style of exam questions!! | Speaking of exams, let us find a question on the internet. I Googled - “201-400-demo.pdf”. Here is an example question, don’t learn these parrot fashion, as they are probably not real exam questions, only fashioned in the style of exam questions!! | ||
- | In the following output, the load averages represent the system load averages for what time frames? | + | In the following output, the load averages represent the system load averages for what time frames?** |
- | 12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 24.71, 35.31 | + | Les admins de la « vieille école » ne feront pas confiance à un quelconque tableau de bord de dernier cri (il n'y en avait pas dans leur jeunesse !), mais, en fait, vous pouvez attacher un horodatage aux sorties et vous servir de awk pour le diviser comme vous voudrez. « Comment attacher un horodatage ? » vous vous demandez, peut-être. Eh bien, il s'agit de l' |
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+ | Si vous avez appris quelque chose de nouveau, c'est génial ! Si vous connaissiez tout ceci déjà, c'est bien, vous êtes prêt pour l' | ||
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+ | À propos d' | ||
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+ | Dans la sortie suivante, les charges moyennes représentent les charges moyennes du système pour quelles périodes de temps ? | ||
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+ | **12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 24.71, 35.31 | ||
A. 1, 5 and 15 minutes | A. 1, 5 and 15 minutes | ||
B. 1, 15 and 30 minutes | B. 1, 15 and 30 minutes | ||
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cache = RAM cache | cache = RAM cache | ||
free = free RAM | free = free RAM | ||
- | * as free, buff and cache is under the memory column. | + | * as free, buff and cache is under the memory column.** |
- | In the following output, what is the 5 minute load average for the system? | + | 12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 24.71, 35.31 |
+ | A. 1, 5 et 15 minutes | ||
+ | B. 1, 15 et 30 minutes | ||
+ | C. 1, 15, et 30 seconds | ||
+ | D. 15, 30 et 60 minutes | ||
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+ | Ah-ha ! Nous le savons et ça ne nécessite pas d' | ||
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+ | Dans l' | ||
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+ | A. Used swap space | ||
+ | B. RAM available for filesystem buffers | ||
+ | C. Available free RAM | ||
+ | D. RAM used for buffers | ||
+ | E. RAM used for filesystem cache | ||
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+ | Si vous avez répondu A ou B, veuillez revoir ce que nous avons traité. | ||
+ | buff = tampons RAM | ||
+ | cache = cache RAM | ||
+ | free = free RAM | ||
+ | ...puisque free, buff et cache se trouvent dans la colonne memory (mémoire). | ||
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+ | **In the following output, what is the 5 minute load average for the system? | ||
# uptime | # uptime | ||
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+ | Resources: | ||
+ | https:// | ||
+ | Feel free to contact us with any queries and, as always, you can find me on the FCM telegram group. ** | ||
+ | Dans la sortie suivante, quelle est la charge moyenne du système pour 5 minutes ? | ||
+ | A. 0.47 | ||
+ | B. 24.71 | ||
+ | C. 35.31 | ||
+ | D. There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 0.47 and 24.71. (Il n'y a pas d' | ||
+ | E. There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 24.71 and 35.31. (ou entre 24.71 et 35.31). | ||
+ | Je vous laisse répondre à celle-ci ! | ||
- | + | Ressources | |
- | Resources: | + | |
https:// | https:// | ||
- | Feel free to contact us with any queries and, as always, you can find me on the FCM telegram group. | + | N' |
issue145/certifie_linux.1559394354.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2019/06/01 15:05 de auntiee