issue178:mon_opinion
Différences
Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
Prochaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
issue178:mon_opinion [2022/02/26 10:12] – créée auntiee | issue178:mon_opinion [2022/03/04 20:34] (Version actuelle) – d52fr | ||
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- | We left off in the previous article with the groundbreaking “Mother of all Demos”. Once into the ’70s, NLS was mostly used internally at the Stanford Research Institute. There were a few events and issues that prevented further adoption. The user input required remembering numerical codes via the Chorded Keyset shown below. | + | **We left off in the previous article with the groundbreaking “Mother of all Demos”. Once into the ’70s, NLS was mostly used internally at the Stanford Research Institute. There were a few events and issues that prevented further adoption. The user input required remembering numerical codes via the Chorded Keyset shown below. |
- | It worked like playing the piano, where you could press a combination of the 5 keys as if you were playing a chord. | + | It worked like playing the piano, where you could press a combination of the 5 keys as if you were playing a chord.** |
- | Other issues were the restrictions of the time-sharing computer mainframe systems. The creation of the more powerful Minicomputer was also less expensive to buy and use (in regards to electrical power requirements). Even though there were successful ports of NLS to the Mini, there was still a steep learning curve. Due to some disagreements between Douglas and his team over plans for NLS, many left to join Xerox at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). | + | Dans le dernier article, nous avons terminé avec la « Mère de toutes le démos », qui était révolutionnaire. Une fois que les années 70 ont débuté, le NLS était principalement utilisé de façon interne à l’Institut de recherche de Standford. Il y avait eu quelques événements et problèmes qui empêchaient un usage plus large. L’entrée de l’utilisateur nécessitait de se souvenir des codes numériques via le Chorded Keyset montré ci-dessous. |
- | Xerox PARC is not just responsible for the advancement in the graphical user interface, they also created the Laser Printer, Computer generated Bitmap graphics, and Ethernet – to name a few. They were founded in 1969 as the Research and Development division of Xerox. Using the knowledge gained from NLS and the new Minicomputer architecture, | + | Cela fonctionnait comme un piano où vous pouviez appuyer sur une combinaison des cinq touches comme si vous jouiez un accord. |
- | Some argue that Alto is the first personal computer, while others say it was a small Minicomputer. In either case, it was quite a machine for its day. It used a TTL-based CPU at 5.88 MHz, with 128 kilobytes of memory, 2.5 MB cartridge (like hard drive storage), 606 x 808 resolution monitor, keyboard, 3-button mouse, 5-key chorded keyset, and Ethernet. The Alto would boot using the Alto OS (the operating system) to a text command interface. You would need to type the command to load the program you want to use. This new way of displaying text and graphics on the screen was called WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get). There is a dispute over the origin of that phrase. For our intent and purposes, I will use the 1974 release of Bravo mentioned below. It is believed to be the first use applied to computers. | + | **Other issues were the restrictions of the time-sharing computer mainframe systems. The creation of the more powerful Minicomputer was also less expensive to buy and use (in regards to electrical power requirements). Even though there were successful ports of NLS to the Mini, there was still a steep learning curve. Due to some disagreements between Douglas and his team over plans for NLS, many left to join Xerox at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). |
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+ | Xerox PARC is not just responsible for the advancement in the graphical user interface, they also created the Laser Printer, Computer generated Bitmap graphics, and Ethernet – to name a few. They were founded in 1969 as the Research and Development division of Xerox. Using the knowledge gained from NLS and the new Minicomputer architecture, | ||
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+ | D’autres problèmes étaient dus au partage des ordinateurs centraux. Une fois créé, le mini-ordinateur était plus puissant et aussi moins cher à l' | ||
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+ | Le PARC de Xerox n’est pas seulement responsable de l’avancée de l’interface graphique, ils ont également créé notamment l’imprimante Laser, les graphismes Bitmap générés par l’ordinateur et l’Ethernet. Le PARC a été créé en 1969 comme la division de Recherche et développement de Xerox. Avec les connaissances acquises du NLS et l’architecture du nouveau Minicomputer, | ||
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+ | **Some argue that Alto is the first personal computer, while others say it was a small Minicomputer. In either case, it was quite a machine for its day. It used a TTL-based CPU at 5.88 MHz, with 128 kilobytes of memory, 2.5 MB cartridge (like hard drive storage), 606 x 808 resolution monitor, keyboard, 3-button mouse, 5-key chorded keyset, and Ethernet. The Alto would boot using the Alto OS (the operating system) to a text command interface. You would need to type the command to load the program you want to use. This new way of displaying text and graphics on the screen was called WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get). There is a dispute over the origin of that phrase. For our intent and purposes, I will use the 1974 release of Bravo mentioned below. It is believed to be the first use applied to computers. | ||
Here is a list of some of the available programs (some dates and developer information could not be found): | Here is a list of some of the available programs (some dates and developer information could not be found): | ||
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Bravo | Bravo | ||
- | Bravo was the first WYSIWYG typesetting program created by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi. It was a mode based editor, where you had the command input mode and text input mode. Typesetting functions like cut, paste, delete, italic, bold, position, justification and fonts were done in command mode. While typing text was done in insert mode. For example: To enter text you press the i key, then type what you want, followed by the esc key. It will print what you typed and return to command mode. It was a bit cumbersome to use for the average person. | + | Bravo was the first WYSIWYG typesetting program created by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi. It was a mode based editor, where you had the command input mode and text input mode. Typesetting functions like cut, paste, delete, italic, bold, position, justification and fonts were done in command mode. While typing text was done in insert mode. For example: To enter text you press the i key, then type what you want, followed by the esc key. It will print what you typed and return to command mode. It was a bit cumbersome to use for the average person.** |
- | Gypsy | + | Certains diraient que l’Alto est le premier PC, alors que d’autres disent qu’il était un petit mini-ordinateur. Dans les deux cas, la machine était vraiment quelque chose pour son époque. Elle utilisait une CPU basé sur TTL à 5,88 MHz avec 128 Ko de mémoire, une cartouche de 2,5 Mo (comme le stockage sur un disque dur), un écran d’une résolution de 606 x 808, un clavier, une souris à 3 boutons, un « chorded keyset » de 5 touches et l’Ethernet. L’Alto démarrait sur une interface en ligne de commande avec le système d’exploitation Alto. Vous deviez taper la commande pour charger le programme voulu. Cette nouvelle façon d’afficher du texte et des graphismes sur l’écran s’appelait WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get - ce que vous voyez est ce que vous obtiendrez). L’origine de cette phrase est disputée. Pour ce qui nous concerne, j’utiliserai la sortie en 1974 de Bravo, mentionné ci-dessous, car l’on croit que c’était la première fois que c’était utilisé au sujet des ordinateurs. |
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+ | Voici une liste de quelques-uns des programmes disponibles (certaines dates et informations sur le développeur étaient introuvables) : | ||
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+ | Bravo | ||
+ | Bravo était le premier programme de composition WYSIWYG créé par Butler Lampson et Charles Simonyi. C’était un éditeur basé sur des modes où il y avait le mode de saisie d’une commande et le mode de saisie du texte. Des fonctions de composition comme couper, coller, supprimer, italique, gras, position, justification et la police étaient faites en mode commande, alors que la saisie de texte était faite en mode insertion. Par exemple : pour saisir du texte, vous appuyez sur la touche i, puis tapez ce que vous voulez, suivi d’un appui sur la touche échap. Il imprimera ce que vous avez tapé et retournera au mode commande. Pour une personne lambda, c’était peu commode. | ||
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+ | **Gypsy | ||
Gypsy was the replacement for Bravo. It was based on Bravo and created by Larry Tesler, Timothy Mott, and other colleagues in 1975. Gypsy did away with the modes, instead utilizing the mouse, keyboard, and the chorded keyset. To enter text, just click the mouse pointer where you want to begin, and start typing. Cut, paste, etc, use keys on the keyboard and chorded keyset. PARC made much better use of the keyset compared to how it was used on the NLS. I will include a video demonstrating someone using Gypsy on an Alto. It is very similar to how it works on modern computers. | Gypsy was the replacement for Bravo. It was based on Bravo and created by Larry Tesler, Timothy Mott, and other colleagues in 1975. Gypsy did away with the modes, instead utilizing the mouse, keyboard, and the chorded keyset. To enter text, just click the mouse pointer where you want to begin, and start typing. Cut, paste, etc, use keys on the keyboard and chorded keyset. PARC made much better use of the keyset compared to how it was used on the NLS. I will include a video demonstrating someone using Gypsy on an Alto. It is very similar to how it works on modern computers. | ||
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Draw | Draw | ||
- | A graphical editor using lines and splines. | + | A graphical editor using lines and splines.** |
- | An integrated circuit editor which showed the design as it was being created, WYSIWYG. The editor was based on the work by Lynn Conway, Carver Mead, and the Mead and Conway revolution. It helped advance future semiconductor chip designs. | + | Gypsy |
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+ | Créé par Larry Tesler, Timothy Mott et d' | ||
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+ | Laurel et Hardy | ||
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+ | Ils étaient des clients mail, Laurel en premier et Hardy l’a remplacé. Laurel a été créé par Doug Brotz en 1981. D’ailleurs, | ||
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+ | SIL | ||
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+ | Un programme de graphiques vectoriels pour la création de dessins techniques. | ||
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+ | Markup | ||
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+ | Un éditeur de bitmap qui était en fait un programme de peinture précoce. | ||
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+ | Draw | ||
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+ | Un éditeur graphique utilisant des lignes et des splines. | ||
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+ | **An integrated circuit editor which showed the design as it was being created, WYSIWYG. The editor was based on the work by Lynn Conway, Carver Mead, and the Mead and Conway revolution. It helped advance future semiconductor chip designs. | ||
SmallTalk programming language and development environment. It was an early Object Oriented programming language first released in 1972. | SmallTalk programming language and development environment. It was an early Object Oriented programming language first released in 1972. | ||
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The Laurel email client was demonstrated by one of the developers, Doug Brotz. It is 14 min 18 seconds, worth the watch in my opinion. You see the pride he still has for his creation. | The Laurel email client was demonstrated by one of the developers, Doug Brotz. It is 14 min 18 seconds, worth the watch in my opinion. You see the pride he still has for his creation. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | Un éditeur de circuit intégré montrait le dessin au fur et à mesure de sa création, WYSIWYG. L’éditeur était basé sur le travail de Lynn Conway, Carver Mead et la révolution Mead et Conway. Il faisait avancer les dessins futurs de puces à semi-conducteurs. | ||
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+ | Le langage de programmation et l’environnement de développement, | ||
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+ | Il n’y avait ni tableur, ni base de données à l’époque. Ce n’était qu’en 1979 que VisiCalc, le premier tableur, a été créé par Dan Bricklin et Bob Frankston. | ||
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+ | Ci-dessous, je vous donne quelques liens vers des vidéos sur YouTube qui montrent quelques-unes de ces applications et le fonctionnement des interfaces ordinateur sur Alto. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | L’éditeur de texte Gypsy a été démontré par Larry Tesler, l’un des créateurs, et Tim Mott (qui ne paraît pas à l’image). Celle-ci dure 1 minute et 30 secondes. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | La démonstration du client mail Laurel a été faite par l’un des développeurs, | ||
https:// | https:// | ||
- | The Bravo text editor was demonstrated by Charles Simonyi and Tom Malloy, some of the developers of Bravo. It is 15 min 49 seconds. The first half is about the history, and the demo begins at 6 min and 30 seconds. You can skip ahead since much of what he says echoes what I stated above. It is quite amazing what they could do in 1974. | + | **The Bravo text editor was demonstrated by Charles Simonyi and Tom Malloy, some of the developers of Bravo. It is 15 min 49 seconds. The first half is about the history, and the demo begins at 6 min and 30 seconds. You can skip ahead since much of what he says echoes what I stated above. It is quite amazing what they could do in 1974. |
FYI, Charles Simonyi went to work at Microsoft in 1981 and was the primary developer of what became Microsoft Word. It was originally called Multi-Tool Word and was released in 1983. The name was later shortened to Microsoft Word. | FYI, Charles Simonyi went to work at Microsoft in 1981 and was the primary developer of what became Microsoft Word. It was originally called Multi-Tool Word and was released in 1983. The name was later shortened to Microsoft Word. | ||
- | The Alto and the later Alto II, though never an official commercial product, sold 2,120 units (120 Alto and 2000 Alto II). In 1978, Xerox donated 50 units to MIT, Stanford, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Rochester. Once these Alto’s were out in the public, they drew great interest. Two years later, in 1975, an update was created, but I can’t find any references to specific changes compared to the original. | + | The Alto and the later Alto II, though never an official commercial product, sold 2,120 units (120 Alto and 2000 Alto II). In 1978, Xerox donated 50 units to MIT, Stanford, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Rochester. Once these Alto’s were out in the public, they drew great interest. Two years later, in 1975, an update was created, but I can’t find any references to specific changes compared to the original.** |
- | By 1977, Xerox began developing their first commercially available GUI computer called the Xerox Star. All design and development was done on the Alto II. During the same time, to compete with existing computer systems available at the time, Xerox also developed the Xerox 820. It used the CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) operating system, a predecessor to DOS; both were text-based interfaces. The 820 was sold with a smaller monitor using 24 lines of 80-characters, | + | La démonstration de l’éditeur de texte Bravo a été faite par Charles Simonyi et Tim Malloy, deux de ses développeurs. Elle dure 15 minutes et 49 secondes. La première moitié traite de son histoire et la démo commence à 6 minutes 30. Vous pouvez zapper un peu, car ce qui est dit répète beaucoup de ce que j’ai écrit ci-dessus. Ce qu’ils pouvaient faire en 1974 est vraiment époustouflant. |
- | Once the 820 was released, it was met with mixed reviews and acceptance. Many reviews of the 820 called it a ‘me too’ product which was more expensive than the competition. Though production of the 820 would continue until 1985. Xerox wanted to compete better in the market, accepted the risk, and created the Systems Development Department (SDD) in El Segundo, California, to develop the Star. The Star was officially called the Xerox 8010 Star Information System. | + | Pour info, Charles Simonyi |
- | SDD used what was learned from the Alto and Alto II with people from PARC to design the “Office of the future”. They upgraded the hardware to an AMD Am2900 CPU; 384 KB of memory | + | Bien que n' |
- | Another advancement was called | + | **By 1977, Xerox began developing their first commercially available GUI computer |
- | Listed below are some videos showing how the Star evolved. | + | Once the 820 was released, it was met with mixed reviews and acceptance. Many reviews of the 820 called it a ‘me too’ product which was more expensive than the competition. Though production of the 820 would continue until 1985. Xerox wanted to compete better in the market, accepted the risk, and created the Systems Development Department (SDD) in El Segundo, California, to develop the Star. The Star was officially called the Xerox 8010 Star Information System.** |
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+ | Dès 1977, Xerox a commencé le développement du Xerox Star, leur premier ordinateur avec une interface graphique à être disponible sur le marché. Toute la conception et le développement a été fait sur l’Alto II. Au cours de cette même période, Xerox a également développé le Xerox 820 pour pouvoir concurrencer des systèmes informatiques disponibles à l’époque. Il utilisait le système d’exploitation CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers), | ||
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+ | Une fois que le 820 est sorti, il a reçu des critiques et un accueil mitigés. Beaucoup de critiques appelaient le 820 un produit « me too » qui coûtait plus cher que ceux de ces concurrents. Et malgré cela, la production du 820 continuerait jusqu’en 1985. Voulant être un meilleur compétiteur, | ||
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+ | **SDD used what was learned from the Alto and Alto II with people from PARC to design the “Office of the future”. They upgraded the hardware to an AMD Am2900 CPU; 384 KB of memory (3 times more than the Alto) expandable to 1.5 MB; 10, 29, or 40 MB hard drive; and an 8″ floppy drive. The monitor was upgraded to 17″ with a resolution of 1024 x 800 @ 38.7 Hz. They kept the 3-button mouse but opted to replace the 5-key keyset in favor of a redesigned keyboard. The new keyboard incorporated functions the keyset provided, and added more. They found that the keyset was difficult to use by a wide group of people. The new keyboard included keys like delete, copy, and move, that were previously performed with the keyset. Other keys were for typesetting functions like center, bold, italic, and underline. | ||
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+ | Another advancement was called Pilot. It was a single-user multitasking operating system. Instead of booting to a command prompt like in Alto’s Alto OS, the Star loaded the graphic environment where you enter your username and password. This was the beginning of WYSIWYG (see discussion of the Alto, above) on the desktop. The key philosophy to this interface design was to mimic common office items already understood. For example, the filing cabinet holds documents, so there is a picture of a filing cabinet. Documents are displayed as file folders. Once logged in, you would see the desktop – which was another office metaphor. The GUI was much easier to use over previous designs. Clicking on a document would open the required application. The idea of cut-and-paste, | ||
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+ | SDD a utilisé ce qui avait été appris des Alto I et II avec des gens du PARC pour concevoir le « Bureau de l’avenir ». Ils ont mis le matériel à niveau vers un processeur AMD Am2900, 384 Ko de mémoire (3 fois plus que dans l’Alto) extensible à 1,5 Mo, un disque dur de 10, 29 ou 40 Mo et un lecteur de disquette de 8" (20 cm). Le moniteur a été mis à niveau à 17" (43 cm) avec une résolution de 1024 x 800 @ 38,7 Hz. Ils ont gardé la souris à trois boutons, mais ont choisi de remplacer le « keyset » de cinq touches par un clavier repensé. Le nouveau clavier incorporait des fonctions fournies par le keyset et en rajoutait d' | ||
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+ | Une autre avancée s’appelait Pilot. C’était un système d’exploitation à multi-tâches pour un seul utilisateur. Au lieu de démarrer sur une invite de commande comme dans l’Alto OS d’Alto, le Star chargeait un environnement graphique où vous entriez votre nom d’utilisateur et mot de passe. C’était le début de WYSIWYG (voir Alto, ci-dessus) sur le bureau. La philosophie clé de la conception de cette interface était de reproduire des éléments de bureau ordinaires et déjà compris. Par exemple, le classeur à tiroirs tient des documents, d’où l’image d’un classeur à tiroirs. Les documents sont affichés comme des dossiers de fichiers. Une fois connecté, vous voyiez le bureau – encore une métaphore du travail. L’interface graphique était beaucoup plus facile à utiliser par rapport aux précédentes. Un clic sur un document ouvrait l’application requise. L’idée de couper/ | ||
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+ | **Listed below are some videos showing how the Star evolved. | ||
https:// | https:// | ||
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https:// | https:// | ||
- | Here is part 2 of the previous video. This demonstration is by Charles Irby. He worked with David at SRI, and was the chief architect on the NLS (which was mentioned in detail in the previous article). At Xerox, he led the user interface design for the Star. This video is 8 min and 1 second. He goes into detail on how to work with documents. | + | Here is part 2 of the previous video. This demonstration is by Charles Irby. He worked with David at SRI, and was the chief architect on the NLS (which was mentioned in detail in the previous article). At Xerox, he led the user interface design for the Star. This video is 8 min and 1 second. He goes into detail on how to work with documents.** |
- | In 1979, Xerox reached out to Apple computer, which was located in the nearby city of Cupertino. Xerox had a lot of experience in manufacturing Laser Printers and producing them in volume, but they were not sure they could handle the demand for their computers, since this was a new market for them. Apple already had its process down and was quite successful. Some deals were made between the two companies. Steve Jobs, the co-founder and CEO of Apple Computer, requested he be given some disclosure agreements on what Xerox PARC was working on. Xerox management agreed and was invited for multiple visits, to the surprise of the PARC researchers. I will post a video I found that explains the details from a first-hand account. | + | Vous trouverez ci-dessous quelques vidéos illustrant l’évolution de Star. |
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | L’interface utilisateur du Xerox Star démontrée par David Smith de Xerox SDD. | ||
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+ | Du reste, Smith était l’un des programmeurs de Douglas Englebart à l’Augmentation Research Center (ARC) au Stanford Research Institute (SRI), dont j’ai parlé dans l’article précédent. Il était l’un des programmeurs qui sont partis pour rejoindre le PARC. Il est devenu l’un des six concepteurs principaux de l’interface utilisateur du Star. La vidéo dure 8 minutes et 41 secondes. Il s’agit d’une vidéo marketing créée par Xerox et elle montre très bien le fonctionnement du Star. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | Voici la deuxième partie de la vidéo précédente. Cette démonstration est par Charles Irby. Il a travaillé avec David au SRI et était l’architecte en chef sur le NLS (dont j’ai parlé en détail dans l’article précédent). Chez Xerox, il dirigeait la conception de l’interface utilisateur pour le Star. La durée de cette vidéo est de 8 minutes et 1 seconde. Il détaille le travail avec des documents. | ||
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+ | **In 1979, Xerox reached out to Apple computer, which was located in the nearby city of Cupertino. Xerox had a lot of experience in manufacturing Laser Printers and producing them in volume, but they were not sure they could handle the demand for their computers, since this was a new market for them. Apple already had its process down and was quite successful. Some deals were made between the two companies. Steve Jobs, the co-founder and CEO of Apple Computer, requested he be given some disclosure agreements on what Xerox PARC was working on. Xerox management agreed and was invited for multiple visits, to the surprise of the PARC researchers. I will post a video I found that explains the details from a first-hand account. | ||
https:// | https:// | ||
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Larry Tesler talks about his interactions with Steve Jobs during his many visits to PARC. | Larry Tesler talks about his interactions with Steve Jobs during his many visits to PARC. | ||
- | This is a very important part of history that changed the direction of the GUI. It has been misunderstood ever since. All of the computing systems at that time were text-based, with some graphical applications. All input was via the keyboard. The use of the mouse was still non-existent. The light pens I mentioned in the previous article were used, but not as commonly. Most interaction with a computer was done via the keyboard. | + | This is a very important part of history that changed the direction of the GUI. . All of the computing systems at that time were text-based, with some graphical applications. All input was via the keyboard. The use of the mouse was still non-existent. The light pens I mentioned in the previous article were used, but not as commonly. Most interaction with a computer was done via the keyboard.** |
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+ | En 1979, Xerox a pris contact avec Apple qui se trouvait dans la ville voisine de Cupertino. Xerox avait beaucoup d’expérience dans la fabrication d’imprimantes Laser et leur production en volume, mais ils n’étaient pas certains de pouvoir gérer la demande pour leurs ordinateurs puisque c’était un nouveau marché pour eux. Apple connaissait très bien son processus et son succès était retentissant. Les deux sociétés ont conclu des accords. Steve Jobs, le cofondateur et PDG d’Apple Computer a demandé qu’on lui donne quelques accords de divulgation sur les travaux actuels du PARC de Xerox. L’administration de Xerox était d’accord et Apple les a invités à faire de multiples visites, ce qui a surpris les chercheurs du PARC. Voici une vidéo que j’ai trouvée qui explique les détails à partir d’un compte-rendu en direct. | ||
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+ | https:// | ||
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+ | Larry Tesler parle de ses interactions avec Steve Jobs au cours de ses nombreuses visites au PARC. | ||
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+ | Historiquement, | ||
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+ | **Apple had a successful run of their Apple I and Apple II series of computers using a text interface. In 1978, the Apple III was the next model using the text-based interface. Apple was also developing a new computer in the same year called the Lisa. It was also originally another text-based interface, but the goal was to make it more modern. This was a year after the initial development was when Steve was shown the Alto, mentioned above. After subsequent visits with members of his design team, the decision was made to re-think the design of the Lisa. | ||
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+ | In the next article, I will bring us into the 1980s with a continuation of the development of Apple’s Lisa. The 1980s will be quite a formable decade for the GUI.** | ||
- | Apple had a successful run of their Apple I and Apple II series of computers using a text interface. | + | Apple a eu beaucoup de succès avec sa série d’ordinateurs, |
- | In the next article, | + | Dans le prochain |
issue178/mon_opinion.1645866742.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2022/02/26 10:12 de auntiee