issue132:labo_linux
                Différences
Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
| Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
| issue132:labo_linux [2018/05/06 16:40] – christo.2so | issue132:labo_linux [2018/05/10 14:37] (Version actuelle) – andre_domenech | ||
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| **WARNING: This is not something to try on your daily driver or on any system with valuable data. Rather use a non-critical system or at least a spare hard drive.** | **WARNING: This is not something to try on your daily driver or on any system with valuable data. Rather use a non-critical system or at least a spare hard drive.** | ||
| - | AVERTISSEMENT : Ce n'est pas quelque | + | AVERTISSEMENT : Ce n'est pas une chose à essayer sur l' | 
| **I had done several multi-boot setups using Linux before this, both with and without Windows. All of these booted using the traditional legacy BIOS and a MBR (ms-dos) partitioning scheme on the hard disk. If I remember correctly, the most was only four distros. I decided it was time to get up-to-date using UEFI booting and GPT partitioning. My original idea was to use the top ten distros as listed on Distrowatch. However, I decided to modify this as I specifically wanted to include ‘Linux From Scratch’ and a BSD variant. I tried both FreeBSD and GhostBSD, but I wasn’t happy with the way they installed and decided not to complicate this article with either of them. If any readers are also BSD fans, I haven’t given up on them and am trying them on a separate hard disk. I excluded Linux Mint from the list as I was already using this as my main distro on another desktop system. Manjaro and Antergos were dropped as I wanted to try Arch for the first time, but then I found out that Arch needs an internet connection during installation which was not an option for me. So BSD and Arch were replaced by Slackware and Ubuntu MATE which I had on hand. It may be prudent to select only one Ubuntu-based distro as they can overwrite one another’s menu entries.** | **I had done several multi-boot setups using Linux before this, both with and without Windows. All of these booted using the traditional legacy BIOS and a MBR (ms-dos) partitioning scheme on the hard disk. If I remember correctly, the most was only four distros. I decided it was time to get up-to-date using UEFI booting and GPT partitioning. My original idea was to use the top ten distros as listed on Distrowatch. However, I decided to modify this as I specifically wanted to include ‘Linux From Scratch’ and a BSD variant. I tried both FreeBSD and GhostBSD, but I wasn’t happy with the way they installed and decided not to complicate this article with either of them. If any readers are also BSD fans, I haven’t given up on them and am trying them on a separate hard disk. I excluded Linux Mint from the list as I was already using this as my main distro on another desktop system. Manjaro and Antergos were dropped as I wanted to try Arch for the first time, but then I found out that Arch needs an internet connection during installation which was not an option for me. So BSD and Arch were replaced by Slackware and Ubuntu MATE which I had on hand. It may be prudent to select only one Ubuntu-based distro as they can overwrite one another’s menu entries.** | ||
| - | J' | + | J' | 
| Ligne 16: | Ligne 16: | ||
| **Once you have chosen what distros you want to install, decide what order (if any) you would like to see them in on your final GRUB menu. This determines which distro goes on which partition. Full Circle being a magazine about the Ubuntu family, I naturally chose Ubuntu as my primary distro, controlling the GRUB menu, and appearing first. After that, the distros appear in order by partition number, but if you go to extremes like me, note that partitions sdX10 and above will appear before any partitions with single numbers below 10.** | **Once you have chosen what distros you want to install, decide what order (if any) you would like to see them in on your final GRUB menu. This determines which distro goes on which partition. Full Circle being a magazine about the Ubuntu family, I naturally chose Ubuntu as my primary distro, controlling the GRUB menu, and appearing first. After that, the distros appear in order by partition number, but if you go to extremes like me, note that partitions sdX10 and above will appear before any partitions with single numbers below 10.** | ||
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| + | Une fois que vous avez choisi les distributions que vous voulez installer, vous devez décider dans quel ordre (le cas échéant) vous aimeriez les voir figurer dans votre menu final GRUB. Ceci déterminera quelle distribution va sur quelle partition. Le Full Circle étant un magazine sur la famille Ubuntu, j'ai naturellement choisi Ubuntu comme distribution principale, contrôlant le menu de GRUB et apparaissant en premier dans la liste, puis viendront les distributions figurant dans l' | ||
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| **Don’t forget to first backup any files you might want to keep. Booting from a Live USB containing Ubuntu 17.10, I opened GParted and created a new partition table of type “gpt” on my hard drive, effectively wiping any data on the drive. I then proceeded to create 13 new partitions, all set by default as “Primary Partition”. The size of /dev/sda1 was set at 512 MiB and formatted as FAT32. The next 11 partitions (/dev/sda2 through /dev/sda12) were all sized at 20480 MiB (20 GiB), and formatted as ext4 with the exception of /dev/sda3. This was formatted as a swap partition. The remaining space on the hard drive (/ | **Don’t forget to first backup any files you might want to keep. Booting from a Live USB containing Ubuntu 17.10, I opened GParted and created a new partition table of type “gpt” on my hard drive, effectively wiping any data on the drive. I then proceeded to create 13 new partitions, all set by default as “Primary Partition”. The size of /dev/sda1 was set at 512 MiB and formatted as FAT32. The next 11 partitions (/dev/sda2 through /dev/sda12) were all sized at 20480 MiB (20 GiB), and formatted as ext4 with the exception of /dev/sda3. This was formatted as a swap partition. The remaining space on the hard drive (/ | ||
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| + | N' | ||
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| **I chose 20 GiB as the partition size for each distro as this should be adequate to hold the base installations and allow for additional software to be installed. Remember user files are being stored on a separate partition. I know 20 GiB is probably overkill for a swap partition, but I didn’t know beforehand what the requirements of each of the 10 distros were. If they needed a swap partition, what size should I use? Some distros including Ubuntu now use a swap file by default (rather than a partition), but will use a swap partition if one already exists.. If I later needed to move partitions around, a swap partition of the same size as the distro partitions might also make things easier.** | **I chose 20 GiB as the partition size for each distro as this should be adequate to hold the base installations and allow for additional software to be installed. Remember user files are being stored on a separate partition. I know 20 GiB is probably overkill for a swap partition, but I didn’t know beforehand what the requirements of each of the 10 distros were. If they needed a swap partition, what size should I use? Some distros including Ubuntu now use a swap file by default (rather than a partition), but will use a swap partition if one already exists.. If I later needed to move partitions around, a swap partition of the same size as the distro partitions might also make things easier.** | ||
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| + | J'ai choisi 20 Go comme taille de partition pour chaque distribution, | ||
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| **Installing Distros** | **Installing Distros** | ||
| - | Installer | + | Installer | 
| **Now you can start installing all your chosen distros. It shouldn’t matter in what order you install them. I went with alphabetical, | **Now you can start installing all your chosen distros. It shouldn’t matter in what order you install them. I went with alphabetical, | ||
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| + | Vous pouvez maintenant commencer à installer toutes les distributions choisies. L' | ||
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| **Make sure you boot each distro/ | **Make sure you boot each distro/ | ||
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| + | Assurez-vous que vous démarrez chaque installeur/ | ||
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| **If you can, choose not to install a bootloader/ | **If you can, choose not to install a bootloader/ | ||
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| + | Si vous le pouvez, choisissez de ne pas installer de bootloader (GRUB) - sauf bien sûr pour votre distribution principale - qui devra être installé sur /dev/sda. Pour l' | ||
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| **Installation Comments** | **Installation Comments** | ||
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| + | Commentaires sur l' | ||
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| **The times it took me to install each distro using USB 2,0 sticks are given as a guide in the table above. This does not include the time taken to download .iso files and to create LiveUSBs from those same files. It also does not include time for reading installation guides and manuals. As they say, your mileage may vary.** | **The times it took me to install each distro using USB 2,0 sticks are given as a guide in the table above. This does not include the time taken to download .iso files and to create LiveUSBs from those same files. It also does not include time for reading installation guides and manuals. As they say, your mileage may vary.** | ||
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| + | Le temps qu'il m'a fallu pour installer chaque distribution en utilisant des clés USB 2.0 est donné à titre indicatif dans le tableau ci-dessus. Ceci n' | ||
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| **Debian 9.2 KDE** | **Debian 9.2 KDE** | ||
| Debian 9.2 avec KDE | Debian 9.2 avec KDE | ||
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| **I tried both the graphical and text-based installers. Both are very different from the Ubiquity one used by Ubuntu and its flavours/ | **I tried both the graphical and text-based installers. Both are very different from the Ubiquity one used by Ubuntu and its flavours/ | ||
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| + | J'ai essayé les installeurs graphiques et textuels. Les deux sont très différents d' | ||
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| **elementary 0.4.1 Loki** | **elementary 0.4.1 Loki** | ||
| Ligne 57: | Ligne 86: | ||
| **Again the Fedora installer is very different to Ubiquity. I suggest you download the Installation Guide for more information. It is possible to install without GRUB. Fedora Workstation 27 is now available.** | **Again the Fedora installer is very different to Ubiquity. I suggest you download the Installation Guide for more information. It is possible to install without GRUB. Fedora Workstation 27 is now available.** | ||
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| + | À nouveau, l' | ||
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| **Linux From Scratch** | **Linux From Scratch** | ||
| Ligne 64: | Ligne 96: | ||
| **I described how to do this in a previous article (see FCM#120, April 2017, page 50). Since then, LFS has been updated to version 8.1. The install time in the table above is how long it took to restore a backup image to the partition using Clonezilla. The actual time it took to create and compile a fully working LFS system was about 1.5 days. I have already installed many additional packages from the BLFS book, and I intend to take it further by installing X-Windows and KDE, but that is still work-in-progress. I didn’t need to install GRUB for LFS as it can be booted from the GRUB menu of the primary distro. On the LFS website, there is a hint document which goes into great detail about booting a stand-alone installation of LFS using UEFI.** | **I described how to do this in a previous article (see FCM#120, April 2017, page 50). Since then, LFS has been updated to version 8.1. The install time in the table above is how long it took to restore a backup image to the partition using Clonezilla. The actual time it took to create and compile a fully working LFS system was about 1.5 days. I have already installed many additional packages from the BLFS book, and I intend to take it further by installing X-Windows and KDE, but that is still work-in-progress. I didn’t need to install GRUB for LFS as it can be booted from the GRUB menu of the primary distro. On the LFS website, there is a hint document which goes into great detail about booting a stand-alone installation of LFS using UEFI.** | ||
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| + | J'ai décrit comment l' | ||
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| **openSuSE 42.3 Leap** | **openSuSE 42.3 Leap** | ||
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| **Beware! OpenSuSE .iso files can be very large. The one I chose was 4.6 GB and installed some 2196 packages. It is possible to install without GRUB.** | **Beware! OpenSuSE .iso files can be very large. The one I chose was 4.6 GB and installed some 2196 packages. It is possible to install without GRUB.** | ||
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| + | Méfiez-vous ! Les fichiers OpenSuSE.iso peuvent être très volumineux. Celui que j'ai choisi était de 4,6 Go et j'ai installé quelque 2 196 paquets. Il est possible de l' | ||
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| **Slackware 14.2** | **Slackware 14.2** | ||
| Ligne 78: | Ligne 116: | ||
| **Slackware is a distro that is, by design, conservative in its choice of software. For example, it still uses KDE4. There are no Live disc images, only ones for the installer. The installer image boots using GRUB2, but this is not available for the installed distro itself. By default, ELILO is used instead, with an option to create an entry in the UEFI boot menu. The original LILO can also be installed. The installer is ncurses-based but is easy to follow. Lots of documentation is available in the installer .iso file and also on the website. The 64-bit installer image is 2.8 GB and includes much more than the usual choice of software. Apart from KDE4, you can also choose from xfce, fluxbox, blackbox, wmaker, fvwm2, and Tab Window Manager desktops. A full installation uses about 10.6 GB (9.88 GiB).** | **Slackware is a distro that is, by design, conservative in its choice of software. For example, it still uses KDE4. There are no Live disc images, only ones for the installer. The installer image boots using GRUB2, but this is not available for the installed distro itself. By default, ELILO is used instead, with an option to create an entry in the UEFI boot menu. The original LILO can also be installed. The installer is ncurses-based but is easy to follow. Lots of documentation is available in the installer .iso file and also on the website. The 64-bit installer image is 2.8 GB and includes much more than the usual choice of software. Apart from KDE4, you can also choose from xfce, fluxbox, blackbox, wmaker, fvwm2, and Tab Window Manager desktops. A full installation uses about 10.6 GB (9.88 GiB).** | ||
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| + | Slackware est une distribution qui, de par sa conception, est classique dans son choix de logiciels. Par exemple, elle utilise toujours KDE4. Il n'y a pas d' | ||
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| **Solus 3 Budgie** | **Solus 3 Budgie** | ||
| Ligne 85: | Ligne 126: | ||
| **This one threw me for a bit. Luckily, the installer is easily the quickest at under 6 minutes. After installing, if you reboot into your primary distro (Ubuntu in my case), and run sudo update-grub, | **This one threw me for a bit. Luckily, the installer is easily the quickest at under 6 minutes. After installing, if you reboot into your primary distro (Ubuntu in my case), and run sudo update-grub, | ||
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| + | Celle-ci m'a un peu déconcerté. Heureusement, | ||
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| **Note the root (hd1) should point to the correct hard disk, and gpt1 should point to your EFE System Partition (e.g. sda1). Then run sudo update-grub to add the custom entry to your GRUB menu.** | **Note the root (hd1) should point to the correct hard disk, and gpt1 should point to your EFE System Partition (e.g. sda1). Then run sudo update-grub to add the custom entry to your GRUB menu.** | ||
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| + | Notez que la racine (hd1) doit pointer vers le bon disque dur, et gpt1 doit pointer vers votre partition système EFI (par exemple sda1). Lancez ensuite « sudo update-grub » pour ajouter l' | ||
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| **What needs to be said? Try the new Gnome-based desktop that has replaced Unity. On my system, Wayland was used by default with no discernible effects, as it should be.** | **What needs to be said? Try the new Gnome-based desktop that has replaced Unity. On my system, Wayland was used by default with no discernible effects, as it should be.** | ||
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| + | Que faut-il dire ? Essayez le nouveau bureau basé sur Gnome, qui remplace Unity. Sur mon système, Wayland a été utilisé par défaut sans effet perceptible, | ||
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| **After I had finished all the installations, | **After I had finished all the installations, | ||
| + | Après avoir terminé toutes les installations, | ||
| **Post-Installation Configuration** | **Post-Installation Configuration** | ||
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| **At last. You can now remove all live media and reboot your system. If all has gone well it will boot into the distro you installed last (i.e. your primary distro [ubuntu]). If not, you will probably get a GRUB menu that will allow you to choose your primary distro.** | **At last. You can now remove all live media and reboot your system. If all has gone well it will boot into the distro you installed last (i.e. your primary distro [ubuntu]). If not, you will probably get a GRUB menu that will allow you to choose your primary distro.** | ||
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| + | Enfin, vous pouvez supprimer tous les médias live et redémarrer votre système. Si tout s'est bien déroulé, il démarrera avec la distribution que vous avez installée en dernier (votre distribution principale [ubuntu]). Sinon, vous obtiendrez probablement un menu GRUB qui vous permettra de choisir votre distribution principale. | ||
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| **If you were impatient and logged into some of your newly installed distros before all the installations were completed, you may have experienced some slow boot-ups. This is caused when the distro can not find the swap partition as listed in /etc/fstab. For some reason, although the various installers all seem to recognise an already existing swap partition, most of them go on to reformat it, changing the UUID of the partition in the process. This can be remedied by updating the fstab files to show the swap partition by device name (e.g. /dev/sda3), by label (e.g. swap), or the best method, by the current UUID of the swap partition. I did this in conjunction with the next section. The UUID can be found by running sudo blkid in a terminal.** | **If you were impatient and logged into some of your newly installed distros before all the installations were completed, you may have experienced some slow boot-ups. This is caused when the distro can not find the swap partition as listed in /etc/fstab. For some reason, although the various installers all seem to recognise an already existing swap partition, most of them go on to reformat it, changing the UUID of the partition in the process. This can be remedied by updating the fstab files to show the swap partition by device name (e.g. /dev/sda3), by label (e.g. swap), or the best method, by the current UUID of the swap partition. I did this in conjunction with the next section. The UUID can be found by running sudo blkid in a terminal.** | ||
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| + | Si vous vous êtes montrés impatients et que vous vous êtes connectés à certaines de vos distributions nouvellement installées avant que toutes les installations soient achevées, vous avez peut-être constaté des démarrages lents. Cela est dû au fait que la distribution ne peut pas trouver la partition de swap telle qu' | ||
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| **Mounting the “common” partition** | **Mounting the “common” partition** | ||
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| **In each distro, you need to create a mount point for the common partition. First, in a terminal in your primary distro, use the command sudo mkdir -pv / | **In each distro, you need to create a mount point for the common partition. First, in a terminal in your primary distro, use the command sudo mkdir -pv / | ||
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| + | Dans chaque distribution, | ||
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| **UUID=0400f1d8-651c-4e8a-baab-db25e9f8e34d /mnt/common ext4 defaults, | **UUID=0400f1d8-651c-4e8a-baab-db25e9f8e34d /mnt/common ext4 defaults, | ||
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| **Use the command mount -av to mount the common partition immediately. These commands will need to be repeated later for each distro.** | **Use the command mount -av to mount the common partition immediately. These commands will need to be repeated later for each distro.** | ||
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| + | Utilisez la commande « mount -av » pour monter immédiatement la partition commune. Ces commandes devront être répétées plus tard pour chacune des distributions. | ||
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| **Still in your primary distro, and using your own username, enter:** | **Still in your primary distro, and using your own username, enter:** | ||
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| + | Toujours dans votre distribution principale, et en utilisant votre propre nom d' | ||
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| **sudo mkdir -pv / | **sudo mkdir -pv / | ||
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| **In each distro, delete the Documents, Downloads, Pictures, Music, Videos sub-folders in your home directory. Then create links to the common folders using ln -sv / | **In each distro, delete the Documents, Downloads, Pictures, Music, Videos sub-folders in your home directory. Then create links to the common folders using ln -sv / | ||
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| + | Pour chaque distribution, | ||
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| **Checking boot mode** | **Checking boot mode** | ||
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| **If you want to double-check how your system has booted, enter the command ls / | **If you want to double-check how your system has booted, enter the command ls / | ||
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| + | Si vous souhaitez vérifier comment votre système a démarré, saisissez la commande "ls / | ||
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| **Conclusion** | **Conclusion** | ||
issue132/labo_linux.1525617628.txt.gz · Dernière modification : 2018/05/06 16:40 de christo.2so
                
                